Week 1 - Osteology of the Upper Limb Flashcards
What bones form the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle & Sternum
What is the name of the joint which forms at the sternal end of the clavicle?
Sternoclavicular joint
What joint occurs at the acromial end of the clavicle?
Acromioclavicular joint
Which muscles attach to the clavicle?
Sternocleidomstoid
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
What ligaments attach to the inferior aspect of the clavicle?
Medial - costoclavicular ligament
Lateral - coracoclavicular ligament
What are the different processes of the scapula?
Coracoid process - anterior
Spine of scapula - posterior ridge which ends laterally as the acromion process
Which muscles & ligaments attach to the coracoid process of the scapula?
- Pectorialis minor - ribs 3-5
- Biceps brachii
- Coracobrachialis
- Coracoclavicular ligaments
- Coracoacromial ligaments
Which muscles attach to the Spine of scapula & acromion process?
Trapezius
Deltoid
4 Fossae (depressions) of the scapula
Glenoid - articulates with humerus (Supra & Infra, to long head of biceps & triceps)
Subscapular - subscapularis
Supraspinous - supraspinatus
Infraspinous - infraspinatus
What is the suprascapular notch for?
The suprascapular nerve
What does the head of the proximal humerus articulate with?
The glenoid cavity of scapula
What are the two different proximal necks of the humerus?
Anatomic neck - site of growth plate & joint capsule attachment
Surgical neck - narrow part, (more likely to break)
What are the humerus tubercles?
Greater tubercles (more laterally) - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
Lesser tubercles (more anteriorly) - subscapularis
What muscle connects in the intertubercular grove?
Pectorialis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major (biceps brachii tendon runs un groove)
What nerve runs in the spinal/radial groove?
Radial nerve
What muscle connects to the deltoid tuberosity?
Deltoid
Name the 2 condyles of the distal humerus (for articulation with ulna/radius)
Capitulum (little head) - radius
Trochlea (pulley) - ulna
What muscles connect ot the medial & lateral epicondyles?
Forearm muscles
Name the 3 humeral fossae (space for ulna/radius when flexing & extending)
Coronoid fossa - for coronoid process of ulna
Radial fossa - for head of radius
Olecranon fossa - for olecranon of ulna
What are the names of the 8 carpal bones?
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
So Long To Pinky Here Comes The Thumb
Name the 3 phalanges
Proximal Phalanges
Intermediate Phalanges
Distal Phalanges
What is the upper limb a component of?
The appendicular skeleton
List the bones included in the upper limb.
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Carpal bones
- Metacarpal bones
- Phalanges
What forms the shoulder girdle?
The clavicle and scapula
What defines the arm in the upper limb?
The humerus
What delineates the forearm in the upper limb?
The radius and ulna
What forms the wrist in the upper limb?
The carpal bones
What constitutes the hand in the upper limb?
The metacarpals and phalanges
What is the clavicle commonly known as?
The collar bone
Where is the clavicle located?
Between the sternum and the scapula
Describe the shape of the clavicle.
Roughly S-shaped
What is the first bone to begin ossification?
The clavicle
What is the sternal extremity of the clavicle?
The blunt, thickened, proximal end of the clavicle
What does the acromial extremity of the clavicle articulate with?
The acromion process of the scapula
What is the conoid tubercle?
A small, roughened elevation on the inferior surface of the clavicle
What is the scapula commonly known as?
The shoulder bone
Where does the scapula lie?
On the posterior chest wall between the second and seventh ribs
What are the major defining features of the scapula?
- Three borders (superior, medial, lateral)
- Three angles (superior, inferior, lateral)
- Two surfaces (dorsal, costal)
- Three large bony processes (spine, acromion, coracoid)
What is the scapular notch?
A notch located on the lateral aspect of the superior border of the scapula
What structure bridges the scapular notch?
The superior transverse scapular ligament
What passes superior to the superior transverse scapular ligament?
The suprascapular artery
What passes inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament?
The suprascapular nerve
What is the inferior angle of the scapula?
The junction of the medial and lateral borders of the scapula
What is the clavicle’s role in the body?
It connects the upper limb to the thorax and allows limb movement
What is the most common type of fracture in the body?
Clavicle fracture
What typically causes a clavicle fracture?
A fall on the shoulder or outstretched hand
What is the lateral angle of the scapula?
The thickest and most complex part of the scapula
What forms the glenoid cavity?
The lateral surface of the head of the scapula
What is the function of the glenoid labrum?
To broaden and deepen the joint cavity
What is the acromion?
The broad, flat lateral extension of the spine of the scapula
What is the coracoid process?
A thick, beaklike structure projecting from the scapula
What is the humerus commonly referred to as?
The shoulder bone
What are the three main regions of the humerus?
- Proximal extremity
- Body or shaft
- Distal extremity
What is the head of the humerus?
The round, smooth, proximal end of the humerus
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
The slightly constricted region surrounding the articular surface of the head
What is the surgical neck of the humerus?
The constricted area immediately inferior to the greater and lesser tubercles
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
The roughened triangular elevation on the anterolateral surface of the midshaft of the humerus
What is lateral epicondylitis commonly known as?
Tennis elbow
What nerve crosses the posterior surface of the medial epicondyle?
The ulnar nerve
What is the capitulum?
The rounded, half-spherical, articular process at the distal, lateral end of the humerus
What is the trochlea?
The pulley-shaped articular process at the distal, medial end of the humerus
What is the capitulum?
The rounded, half-spherical, articular process at the distal, lateral end of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius.
‘Capit-‘ is Latin for ‘head.’
What is the function of the capitulum and radius at the humeroradial joint?
Allows both flexion/extension and rotation.
The capitulum articulates with the head of the radius.
What is the trochlea?
The pulley-shaped articular process at the distal, medial end of the humerus that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna.
‘Trochle-‘ is Greek for ‘pulley.’
What is the coronoid fossa?
The depression on the distal, anterior end of the humerus that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is fully flexed.
What is the radial fossa?
The shallow depression on the distal, anterior end of the humerus that receives the margin of the head of the radius when the elbow is fully flexed.
What is the olecranon fossa?
The deep depression on the distal, posterior end of the humerus that holds the apex of the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended.
What can cause a humeral head fracture?
Anterior and posterior dislocations of the shoulder joint.
What is the greater tuberosity of the humerus?
A bony prominence that can be fractured by direct trauma or displaced during shoulder dislocation.
What is a lesser tuberosity fracture associated with?
Occasionally accompanies posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint.
What is unique about the surgical neck of the humerus?
It can be fractured by direct blows or falls on the outstretched hand and is closely related to the axillary nerve and circumflex humeral blood vessels.
What happens when the humeral shaft is fractured?
Displacement of fragments depends on the relation of the fracture site to the insertion of the deltoid muscle.
What are supracondylar fractures?
Common fractures in children occurring from falls on the outstretched hand with the elbow partially flexed.
What is the radius?
The bone on the lateral side of the forearm that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.
What is the function of the radial tuberosity?
The insertion site of the biceps brachii muscle.
What is the styloid process of the radius?
The distal projection from the lateral, distal aspect of the radius that extends lateral to the proximal row of carpal bones.
What is the ulna?
The bone on the medial side of the forearm that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus and the head of the radius.
What is the olecranon?
The easily palpable proximal end of the ulna that forms the ‘point’ of the elbow.
What is the function of the trochlear notch?
Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
What is Colles’ fracture?
A fracture of the distal end of the radius resulting from a fall on the outstretched hand.
What is Smith’s fracture?
A fracture of the distal end of the radius occurring from a fall on the back of the hand.
What is the carpal tunnel?
A space formed by carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum that conveys flexor tendons and the median nerve into the hand.
What can result from compression of the carpal tunnel?
Carpal tunnel syndrome.
What is the significance of the carpal bones during development?
They are cartilaginous at birth and begin to ossify at different intervals until the 12th year.
Fill in the blank: The head of the radius articulates with the _______.
capitulum of the humerus.
True or False: The body of the ulna tapers along its proximodistal length.
True.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the articular surface for the head of the ulna on the radius.
ulnar notch.
What is the mnemonic for remembering the carpal bones?
Some lovers try positions that they cannot handle.
The first letter of each word represents the first letter of each carpal bone, arranged by row (proximal row first), from lateral to medial.
List the carpal bones in the proximal row from lateral to medial.
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
What is the largest, most lateral carpal bone of the proximal row?
Scaphoid
The scaphoid is located in the floor of the anatomical snuffbox.
What shape is the lunate bone and where is it located?
Roughly semilunar-shaped, located between the scaphoid and triquetrum.
What is the shape and position of the triquetrum bone?
Roughly pyramidal-shaped, most medial bone in the proximal carpal row.
What is the function of the pisiform bone?
It is a small, pea-shaped, sesamoid bone formed in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.
List the carpal bones in the distal row from lateral to medial.
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
What joint does the trapezium bone form with the first metacarpal bone?
A saddle joint, allowing great mobility of the thumb.
What is the significance of the capitate bone?
It is the central and largest carpal bone, located between the trapezoid and hamate.
What is a distinguishing feature of the hamate bone?
The hamulus (hook), which is one of the attachment points of the flexor retinaculum.
What is a common injury associated with the scaphoid bone?
Fracture due to impact on the base of the hand when the wrist is hyperextended and abducted.
What can happen if a scaphoid fracture is not treated effectively?
Permanent weakness and pain of the wrist, with subsequent development of osteoarthritis.
What is a ‘boxer’s fracture’?
An oblique fracture of the neck of the fifth metacarpal bone, commonly due to direct violence.
How many metacarpal bones are there in the hand?
Five.
What are the three parts of each metacarpal bone?
- Base
- Body
- Head
How many phalanges does each hand contain?
14 phalanges.
How many phalanges are in the thumb?
2 phalanges (proximal and distal).
What is the anatomical term for the bones that comprise the digits of the hand?
Phalanges.
What is a characteristic feature of each distal phalanx?
The body of each distal phalanx is very short.
