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C&M Neuroanatomy > Week 4 SDL and Practical: Brainstem, cerebellum and cranial nerves > Flashcards

Week 4 SDL and Practical: Brainstem, cerebellum and cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Which sub divisions of the brain make up the brainstem?

A

mesencephalon (midbrain)
metencephalon (pons)
myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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2
Q

Where is the pyramidal decussation?

A

anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata

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3
Q

Where is the gracile tubercle and fascicle located in the brainstem?

A

midline dorsal medulla

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4
Q

What structures are located in the dorsal medulla?

A
  • lateral and medial geniculate nucleus
  • superior and inferior colliculus
  • trochlear nerve
  • interpeduncular fossa
  • superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • choroid plexus in roof of 4th ventricle
  • cuneate/gracile tubercle/fasciculus
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5
Q

State all the features on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata

A 
pyramids
olives
anterior median fissure
decussation of pyramids
antero-lateral sulcus
postero-lateral sulcus
CN IX, X, XI, XII
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6
Q

State all the features on the ventral surface of the pons

A

basilar groove

CN V, VI, VII, VIIII

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7
Q

State all the features on the ventral surface of the midbrain

A 
optic chiasma
optic tract
pituitary stalk
mammillary bodies
cerebral peduncles
interpeduncular fossa
CN III, IV
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8
Q

How is the medulla divided?

A

into the open medulla and the closed medulla

the medulla becomes open when the central canal opens into the 4th ventricle

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9
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

co-ordination of movement

maintenance of balance and posture

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10
Q

To which region of the brainstem does each cerebellar peduncle connect

A

superior- midbrain
middle - pons
inferior - medulla

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11
Q

Which 3 arteries supply the cerebellum and are they part of the anterior system of vessels (internal carotid system) or of the posterior system (vertebral baislar)

A

All originate from the vertebral basilar system:

  • superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
  • anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
  • posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
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12
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesis?

A

impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements

caused by cerebellar damage

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13
Q

What is past pointing and how do you test it?

A

past pointing - the inability to place a finger or some other body part accurately on a selected point
-finger-to-nose test

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14
Q

What is the test for dysdiadochokinesis?

A

ask patient to clap by alternating the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the hand as fast as possible
repeat with other hand

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15
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the cerebellopontine angle?

A

CN VII, VIII

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from the interpeduncular fossa?

A

CN III

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17
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges immediately lateral to the medullary pyramid?

A

CN XII

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18
Q

Which cranial nerves emerges lateral to the olive?

A

CN IX, X

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19
Q

Which cranial nerve emerge from the dorsal surface of the brainstem

20
Q

What is the consequence of damage to the olfactory nerve?

A

anosmia - absence of sense of smell

21
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the dura?

A

trigeminal

22
Q

Where are the cell bodies of most of the trigeminal sensory fibres located?

A

in the trigeminal ganglion - located in the lateral wall of the cavernous immediately lateral to the pituitary gland

23
Q

Which two reflexes are associated with the trigeminal nerve

A
  1. corneal reflex - an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body)
  2. jaw-jerk reflex
24
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

chronic pain caused by trigeminal nerve - even mild stimulation of your face such as brushing your teeth or putting on makeup - may trigger a jolt of excruciating pain

25
Q

Where do the 5 branches of the facial nerve arise?

A

within the parotid gland

26
Q

The chorda tympani carries fibres between which nerves?

A

facial nerve to supply taste to the anterior 2/3rds of tongue and the lingual nerve as it contains secretory fibres for the sublingual and submaxillary glands

27
Q

Which nerve supplies the lacrimal gland?

A

the greater petrosal nerve (branch of facial nerve)

28
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

ringing in ear

29
Q

Which nerve innervates the vocal folds?

A

vagus nerve

30
Q

What is the gag reflex, which cranial nerve does it test and why is it important?

A
  • Pharyngeal reflex when something touches the roof of your mouth, the back of your tongue or throat or the area around your tonsils
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Prevents choking and keeps us from swallowing potentially harmful substances
31
Q

what are the two parts of the accessory nerve?

A
  • cranial part

- spinal part

32
Q

What are autonomic ganglia?

A
  • clusters of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites
  • they are essentially a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery
33
Q

What are the four autonomic ganglia of the head and neck?

A
  1. pterygopalantine
  2. ciliary
  3. otic
  4. submandibular
34
Q

What is the function of the pterygopalantine ganglia?

A

receives parasympathetic fibres from the facial nerve and supplies the lacrimal glands, palantine glands and mucosa of the nasal cavity

35
Q

What is the function of the otic ganglia?

A

receives parasympathetic fibres from the glossopharyngeal nerve and supplies the parotid gland

36
Q

What is the function of the submandibular ganglia?

A

receives parasympathetic fibres from the facial nerve and supplies the submandibular and sublingual glands

37
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex and how do we test it?

A
  • CN II and CN III
  • dim the lights and look at a distant object
  • shine torch into eyes from each side
  • look to see if patients pupils constrict in response to light
38
Q

What are the symptoms of horner’s syndrome?

A
  • partial ptosis
  • constricted pupil (miosis)
  • reduced facial sweating
  • facial flushing
39
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

in the midbrain

dopamine containing neurons

40
Q

What structure seperates the two cerebellar hemispheres

41
Q

What are nodules?

A

ventral part of vermis of cerebellum

found on the midline on the superior surface

42
Q

What seperates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

A

primary fissure

43
Q

In what way do fibres run across the pons?

A

transverse

because it attaches the two hemispheres on the left and right

44
Q

Which cranial nerves go through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X and XI

45
Q

In a hypoglossal nerve lesion, does the tongue deviate away from the side of lesion or toward the side of lesion?

A

toward the side of lesion

C&M Neuroanatomy (44 decks)

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