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C&M Neuroanatomy > Week 4 Lecture 9: Localisation > Flashcards

Week 4 Lecture 9: Localisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the sulci in the cerebral cortex that you can see from a lateral view of the brain?

A
  1. central sulcus - divides frontal from parietal lobes
  2. lateral sulcus - divides frontal and parietal from temporal lobes
  3. frontal sulci - superior and inferior
  4. temporal sulci - superior and inferior
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2
Q

The frontal lobe is divided into how many gyri?

A

3 - superior, middle and inferior

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3
Q

The temporal lobe is divided into how many gyri?

A

3 - superior, middle, inferior

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4
Q

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus divide?

A

divides the parietal from the occipital lobe

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5
Q

where is the calcarine sulcus?

A

middle of the medial view of the occipital lobe

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6
Q

Where is the cingulate sulcus?

A

c-shaped sulcus coursing through the frontal, parietal and nearly occipital lobes - runs parallel with the corpus callosum

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7
Q

Where is the collateral sulcus?

A
  • runs on the inferior surface of the temporal and occipital lobes
  • demarks the position of the parahippocampal gyrus
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8
Q

What is the uncus?

A
  • part of the temporal bone

- where the parahippocampal gyrus hooks back on itself to form a medially projected bump (uncus)

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9
Q

What system is the limbic lobe apart of?

A

limbic system

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10
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

emotion and memory

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11
Q

What 2 gyri form the limbic lobe?

A
  • cingulate

- parahippocampal

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12
Q

What is herniation?

A

parts of the brain shifting compartments caused by e.g tumour, hydrocephalous, haemorrhage

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13
Q

What is uncal herniation?

A
  • herniation at the uncus
  • if the uncus herniates past the tentorium cerebelli, it would herniate into the midbrain and cause compression of the brainstem
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14
Q

What are brodmann’s areas?

A
  • cortical map dividing the cortex into 46 areas

- based on cellular organisation of cerebral cortex (cell types in different areas)

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15
Q

What are the two types of primary projection areas?

A
  1. sensory - specific sensory pathways terminate here, perceived sensation
  2. motor - specific motor pathways originate here
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16
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the general sensation (somaesthetic) modality?

A

post-central gyrus

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17
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the visual modality?

A

either side of the calcarine sulcus (striate cortex) and occipital pole

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18
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the auditory modality?

A

heschl’s gyrus (superior temporal gyrus)

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19
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the olfactory modality?

A

uncus

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20
Q

What does gustatory mean?

A

taste

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21
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the gustatory modality?

A

inferior post-central gyrus

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22
Q

where is the primary motor cortex?

A

pre-central gyrus

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23
Q

What is the function of association areas? (a.k.a secondary sensory areas)

A
  • receive input from primary sensory area
  • involved in interpretation/understanding from the primary area
  • surround the primary areas
  • information is sent from primary projection areas to secondary areas which give the information meaning
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24
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the general sensation modality?

A

superior parietal lobe

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25
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the visual modality?

A

pre-striate area

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26
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the auditory modality?

A

lateral fissure/ superior temporal gyri

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27
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the pre motor area?

A

anterior to pre-central sulcus on lateral surface

anterior to primary motor cortex

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28
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the supplementary motor area?

A

anterior to pre-central sulcus on medial surface

anterior to primary motor cortex

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29
Q

Which cortical area corresponds to the frontal eye field?

A
  • anterior to pre motor

- in frontal lobe

30
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A
  • controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles
  • sends information from the primary motor cortex, through the brainstem, through specific tracts in the spinal cord to effector muscles
  • descending motor fibres
31
Q

Which brodmanns area is the primary motor cortex?

A

BA 4

32
Q

What are the 3 motor areas associated with the primary motor cortex?

A
  1. Supplementary motor and pre motor
  2. Frontal eye
  3. Brocas area
33
Q

What is the function of the pre motor area?

A

organise a complex activity and send it to the pre-central gyrus to execute the movement

34
Q

What does the frontal eye field control?

A

controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes

35
Q

What are the functions of Broca’s area?

A
  • regulates pattern of breathing and vocalisation needed for normal speech
  • inferior frontal gyrus
36
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant?

A

left

37
Q

Where is broca’s area located?

A

inferior frontal gyrus

38
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

receives sensory pathways for touch, temperature, vibration, pain, proprioception

39
Q

Where is our primary somatosensory cortex?

A

post central gyrus - posterior to central sulcus

40
Q

What type of fibres are our primary somatosensory cortex made of?

A

ascending sensory fibres

41
Q

What is the lateral VPL and where does it receive input from?

A
  • nuclei in the thalamus
  • ventral posterolateral nucleus
  • recieves input from leg
42
Q

Where does the medial VPL recieve input from?

A

arm

43
Q

What is the VPM and where does it receieve input from?

A
  • ventral posteromedial nucleus

- recieves input from face

44
Q

How is the pre-central and post-central gyrus organised?

A
  • somatotopically
  • lateral to medial: face–> arm –> trunk –> leg
  • if information has come from face, it will be projected laterally in the post-central gyrus to reach the section that controls movement of the face area
45
Q

What is meant by somatotopic organisation?

A

relating to the orderly and specific relation between particular body regions and corresponding motor areas of the brain the somatotopic arrangement within the thalamus.

46
Q

Where are the association somatosensory areas located?

A

superior parietal lobe

47
Q

What is the function of the association somatosensory areas?

A

interpretation, understanding and recognition of sensation

48
Q

What would injury to the association somatosensory area cause?

A 
either 
-hypoesthesia (diminished sensation), or
-anaesthesia (absence of sensation)
And 
-tactile agnosia
49
Q

What is tactile agnosia?

A

the inability to recognise or identify an object by naming, matching to sample, or demonstrating its use

50
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

conscious perception of sound

51
Q

Where does the primary auditory cortex recieve input from?

A

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

52
Q

How is the primary auditory cortex organised?

A

tonotopically:

  • lower frequencies are projected more medially into the gyrus
  • higher frequencies are projected more laterally
53
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A
  • surrounds primary auditory area
  • auditory information is interpreted and given significance
  • interpretation of written or spoken word
54
Q

Explain the course of information in the primary visual cortex

A
  1. receives information from retina
  2. information stops at thalamus
  3. relay at lateral geniculate nucleus
55
Q

Information from which sensory modalities stop at the thalamus?

A

all of them except smell

56
Q

What is the function of the associated visual area?

A

interpretation of visual information (recognise faces, objects, trees)

57
Q

A lesion in the association visual area would result in what?

A

prosopagnosia - inability to recognise faces

58
Q

Where is the taste cortex located?

A
  • extends from inferior margin of post central gyrus

- extends to insula (a strip of cortex that is stuck between the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes)

59
Q

What is the main function of the general association cortex?

A

involved in more complex aspects of behavioural and intellectual functioning

60
Q

What are the two general association cortexes and what our their functions?

A
  1. Pre frontal cortex:
    - regulates moods and feelings
    - involved in higher order cognitive functions
    - conceptualisation, planning, judgement
  2. Parieto-temporal cortex:
    - integrates information from different modalities
    - involved in memory
    - vision, hearing, touch - gives these meaning
61
Q

What are the two language areas and which hemisphere are they located in?

A
  • wernicke’s area
  • broca’s area
  • in the dominant hemisphere (usually left)
62
Q

What is the name given to the association fibres connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

arcuate fasciculus

63
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A
  • impaired repitition
  • comprehension and fluency intact
  • can understand information but can’t repeat it
64
Q

How would conduction aphasia occur?

A

if there is injury to the arcuate fasciculus

65
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • sensory/fluent aphasia
  • words come out fluently but don’t make sense
  • inability to understand language
66
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A
  • motor/non-fluent aphasia
  • can understand language perfectly well but cannot articulate
  • inability to correctly articulate speech
67
Q

What is the difference between dysphasia and aphasia?

A 
dysphasia = difficulty with speech
aphasia = loss of ability to speak
68
Q

What is the dominant hemisphere responsible for?

A
  • linguistic functions

- numerical skills

69
Q

What is the non-dominant hemisphere responsible for?

A

spatial awareness

70
Q

What is agnosia?

A
  • disorders of understanding

- awareness of sensation persists, but significance of this sensation is lost

71
Q

What is apraxia?

A

inability to carry out purposive movements, although there is no paralysis

C&M Neuroanatomy (44 decks)

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