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C&M Neuroanatomy > Week 1: Pre-lecture 1 and Lecture 1: Intro to Brain > Flashcards

Week 1: Pre-lecture 1 and Lecture 1: Intro to Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Which aspects does a coronal plane divide?

A

anterior and posterior aspects

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2
Q

Which aspects does a sagittal plane divide?

A

medial and lateral aspects

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3
Q

What do these mean:

  1. dorsal
  2. ventral
  3. rostral
  4. caudal
A
  1. towards the back
  2. towards the belly
  3. towards the face/ nose
  4. towards the feet
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4
Q

What is the cephalic flexure?

A

bend between the long axis of the spinal cord and brain stem with respect to the long axis of the cerebrum

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5
Q

Why is the superior surface of the brain also its dorsal surface?

A

arose from the dorsal aspect of the embryo

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6
Q

The neural tube develops 3 swellings. What are these called?

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencepahlon (hindbrain)
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7
Q

The three swellings become 5. What are these called?

A
  1. Prosencephalon develops into the telencephalon and diencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon develops into metencephalon and myelencephalon
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8
Q

What does the telencephalon form?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

What structures does the diencephalon include?

A
  1. thalamus - important relay station between brainstem, spinal cord and cerebral cortex
  2. hypothalamus - controls the ANS - below the thalamus
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10
Q

Give an example of two structures that develop from the metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

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11
Q

Give an example of two structures that develop from the myelencephalon

A

medulla

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12
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles form from?

A

telencephalon

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13
Q

What does the optic vesicle (future eye) and 3rd ventricle develop from?

A

diencephalon

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14
Q

Where does the cerebral aqueduct form from?

A

mesencephalon

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15
Q

Where does the 4th ventricle form from?

A

myelencephalon

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16
Q

What happens to the rest of the neural tube during development? (the part that doesn’t form swellings)

A

forms the spinal cord

17
Q

How many subdivisions are there of the CNS?

A

6/7

  • cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon
  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • medulla
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • spinal cord
18
Q

What is the function of a neurone?

A
  • convey information via electrical signals called action potentials
  • receive, integrate (decide what to do with) and transmit
19
Q

What are the three types of neurones and their functions?

A
  1. Afferent/sensory neurones
    - carry information from receptors to CNS
  2. Efferent/ motor neurones
    - carry information from CNS to peripheral effects
  3. Interneurones
    - link afferents to efferents within CNS (linking sensory neurones directly to motor neurones)
20
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

to receive information - this information is then processed in the cell body, which then sends the information, conducted by the axon of the neurone, towards the next neurone

21
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which action potentials are passed along the axon

22
Q

Describe the 3 types of neurones

A
  1. Bi-polar: neurone that has two projections arising from the cell; one is an axon and one is a dendrite
  2. Pseudo-unipolar: has only one projection coming from the cell but this projection splits into two as soon as it arises so info can bypass the cell body
  3. Multipolar: more than two projections coming from the cell body
23
Q

Describe the sub-divisions of the cerebrum (forebrain)

A

Cerebrum:

  1. Telencephalon (outer brain)
  2. Diencephalon (inner brain)
24
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

In order:

  • midbrain (connected directly to the diencephalon)
  • pons (bowl shaped)
  • medulla oblongata
25
Q

How is the spinal cord attached to the brain stem?

A

it is connected to the medulla oblongata in the brainstem

26
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

behind the brainstem

27
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

structure of white matter separating the right and left cerebral hemispheres

28
Q

how are the right and left hemispheres of the brain separated?

A

by a longitudinal fissure a.k.a superior sagittal fissure

29
Q

What are gyri?

A

elevated ridges

30
Q

What are sulci?

A

grooves

31
Q

What is white matter made of?

A

collection of axons that link neurones

-myelin makes it white

32
Q

What is grey matter made of?

A

nerve cell bodies

33
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

surface of cerebral hemispheres, made up of gyri and sulci

34
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A
  • smooth brain (how it begins in embryological development)
  • this happens before the brain develop gyri and sulci
  • smooth brains are seen in animals that can’t perform higher level functions
35
Q

The cerebral hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes. What are these?

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
36
Q

Which lobes do each of these sulci divide?

  1. Central sulcus
  2. Parieto-occipital sulcus
  3. Lateral sulcus
A
  1. Divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
  2. divides the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe
  3. divides the temporal lobe. and the frontal and parietal lobe
37
Q

What are the two types of gyri?

A
  1. Pre-central gyrus - functions as the primary motor cortex, initiating motor control
  2. Post central gyrus - functions as the primary sensory cortex, receiving sensory information

C&M Neuroanatomy (44 decks)

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