Week 4- Other Cardiac Diagnostic Tests Flashcards
PART 1
PART 1
Holter Monitor:
- What is it?
- Is it used in inpatient or outpatient setting?
- Continuous 24hr EKG monitoring ordered for detecting and assessing arrhythmias and for evaluating effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy.
- Used in both inpatient and outpatient. (patient carries around)
What is the gold standard for assessing cardiac structure and function?
Echocardiogram
What are some things an echocardiogram can look at? (8)
- Size of the ventricular cavities
- Thickness and integrity of interatrial and intraventricular septa
- Function of the valves
- Motions of individual segments of ventricular wall
- Volumes of the L ventricle***
- Assessment of performance of the heart muscle itself
- Estimates stroke volume and EF***
- Allows the analyze motion of valves and heart muscle ***
Echocardiogram:
- Provides _____ ______ images of the beating heart.
- Can provide information about ______ ______.
- real time
- blood flow
What are (3) main types of echocardiography? Describe each.
Surface/Transthoracic Echocardiography
-The echo transducer is moved on the skin over the heart.
Transesophageal Echocardiography
-The echo transducer is swallowed. Provides clear images of structures.
Stress Echocardiography
-Imaging is done while the patient is exercising or immediately after.
Transesophageal Echo (TEE):
- When would we use TEE?
- When is it contraindicated?
- Used when image quality is confounded by obesity, chest deformities, pulmonary disease. Imaging modality of choice for evaluation of known/suspected cardioembolic stroke.
- Contraindicated for those with dysphagia.
List (2) additional types of echocardiography.
- 3-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Contrast Echcardiography
What is considered the gold standard for blood flow measurement and metabolic assessment of the heart?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET):
- DETECTS TISSUE _________ and __________.
- Measures cardiac _________ and __________ of the heart.
- Requires specialized equipment, highly trained personnel, and is very expensive.
- VIABILITY and FUNCTION
- cardiac metabolism and blood flow
Radionuclide Perfusion Imaging:
- Evaluated cardiac _______/_________ at rest and during dynamic exercise.
- Commonly used agents (Thallium-201, Technetum-99m) move into cardiac tissue and are taken up based on coronary blood flow.
-perfusion/function
Thallium Stress Test:
- ______ or ______ stress test.
- Nuclear stress test shows how well blood flows in the heart while exercising or at rest.
- When are they usually done?
- cardiac or nuclear
- Usually done with patients whho c/o CP with activity, SOB, etc. with a cardiac history.
What uses the movement of water molecules in a magnetic field to create an image?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
- What was it originally used for?
- What is it currently used for?
- What are some barriers to MRI?
- Originally used for assessing cardiac anatomy and congenital malformations and to identify masses/thrombi.
- Currently evaluates valvular disease, cardiac shunts, cardiac flow, and coronary artery anatomy.
- If patient has a pacemaker, artificial joint, or other metallic devices.
What is an X-ray examination of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart that have been perfused with a special dye?
Coronary Angiography
Coronary Angiography:
- Small tube inserted into vessel in upper thigh or arm.
- Tube positioned in the heart or beginning of the arteries supplying the heart.
- Dye is injected, which is visible by X-ray.
- Able to interpret presence and severity of ______.
- Presence of LV, atrial, pulmonary vein, CA dysfunctions.
- Presence of _______ heart disease.
- CAD
- valvular heart disease
What are (4) major complications of coronary angiographs?
- Serious bleeding
- Heart attack
- Stroke
- Kidney failure
Cardiac Catheterization PT Implications:
Left Heart Catheterization:
-Due to femoral artery incision, bed rest for __-__ hours with involved LE ________.
-Knee immobilizer to minimize hip ________.
-Monitor for groin hematomas and pain.
Right Heart Catheterization
- Used to diagnose right ______/______ and __________ artery impairments.
- The incision site is generally via the external ________ vein.
- Are the activity restrictions?
Left Heart Catheterization:
- 6-8 hours, straight
- hip flexion
Right Heart Catheterization:
- ventricular/atrial and pulmonary artery
- jugular vein
- No
Computer Tomography (CT):
- What is it? How does it work?
- Provide more detailed information than plain X-rays and are the same as _________.
- Series of X-ray images to create “slices: of the bones/vessels/tissues and creates detailed images from 2D pictures.
- CAT scan
CAT Angiography:
- What is it?
- Used to diagnose and treat ___________ diseases and conditions.
- Involves the use of contrast material.
- Imaging test that looks at the arteries that supply blood to the heart.
- blood vessel condition
Cardiac Calcium Scan:
- What is it? How does it work?
- _______ Ca+ = higher blockage
- CT for Calcium Scoring uses special x-ray to produce pictures of coronary arteries to determine if they are blocked/narrowed due to plaque buildup.
- higher
Doppler US:
- What is it?
- What can it show?
- Noninvasive test used to estimate blood flow through vessels. Turns sound waves into images.
- Can show DVT, blockage in arteries, check blood flow in veins/arteries/heart, and locate aneurysms.
