Week 2- Other Cardiac Pathologies Flashcards
PART 1
PART 1
List of Other Cardiac Pathologies.
- Valvular Disease (regurgitation, stenosis)
- Arrhythmias (a.fib and v.fib)
- Myocarditis
- Pericarditis
What are (2) types of valvular disease? Describe each.
Regurgitation
-Valve leaflets fail to completely close or edges do not fully meet. This permits backward flow of blood.
Stenosis
-Leaflets do not provide a full opening for blood to flow through.
- Aortic regurgitation leads to increased LV _______/______.
- This then leads to LV dysfunction and myocardial _______.
- Ultimately leads to what?
- volume/mass
- ischemia
- LV FAILURE
What are Arrhythmias/Dysrhythmias?
Disturbances of rate and/or rhythm of the heart.
Describe the PQRST complex.
- P wave = atrial depolarization (contraction)
- QRS complex = ventricular depolarization
- T wave = ventricular repolarization
- Bracycardia = ___ BPM
- Tachycardia = ____ BPM
- Bracycardia = <50 BPM
- Tachycardia = >100 BPM
Is atrial or ventricular fibrillation more serious? Why?
-V.fib, because ventricular arrhythmias are more likely to interrupt the pumping of blood, or undermine the heart’s ability to supply the body with oxygen-rich blood.
What is a treatment method for A.fib?
A.fib ablation
Why are patients with A.fib often on blood thinners?
- If the atria go into fibrillation, there is an increased risk of clot formation.
- Can then migrate through tricuspid valve, into the R ventricle, and go to the lungs to cause a PE.
- Can also return to heart and go into systemic circulation and likely that embolism will end up in brain causing stroke.
What area is likely to cause clot formation in right atrium?
Right Auricle
Can we live without the atria? How?
-Yes, because most ventricular filling occurs during atrial diastole. Atrial systole acts to “top off” ventricles.
What is Myocarditis?
Inflammation of the myocardium.
Myocarditis is usually cause by _____ infection and can lead to HF, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmias, and Sudden Death.
viral infection
What (4) things can lead to Diabetic Heart Disease?
- ) Metabolic effects due to FFA, insulin resistance.
- ) Structural: myocardial fibrosis and ECM changes.
- ) Reduced perfusion due to small vessel disease.
- ) Autonomic dysfunction reduced HRR.
What is Pericarditis?
Swelling and irritation of thin saclike membrane surrounding the heart.
Pericarditis:
- May be caused by _____ infection or a ___.
- In many cases, it is __________.
- Associated with _________ diseases.
- Sharp chest pain-plaural memranes rubbing against one another.
- Unique sound = “___________”
- viral infection or MI
- idiopathic
- autoimmune disease (RA, SLE, radiation therapy)
- “pericardial rub”
- How is pleuritic chest pain worsened?
- How is it decreased?
- Worsened lying in supine, inhaling deeply, or cough.
- Decreased by leaning forward.
- What is Constrictive Pericarditis?
- What does it result in?
- Constrictive Pericarditis is characterized by a fibrotic, thickened and adherent pericardium that may be constricting secondary to limited expansion during systole.
- Results in restricted movement and function and often causes Right Sided HF.
- What is Pericardial Effusion?
- What does it result in?
- Pericardial Effusion is fluid accumulation within the pericardial sac.
- Results in compression of the heart, reduces ventricular diastolic filling, and hence CO.
PART 2
PART 2
What are some other cardiac pathologies?
-Aneurysm
What is an aneurysm?
Abnormal stretching in the wall of an artery, vein, or the heart with a diameter that is at least 50% greater than normal.
What are the 3 types of true Aneurysms?
-Saccular: unilateral outpouching
-Fusiform: diffuse dilation involving the entire circumference of the artery wall
Dissecting: a bilateral outpouching in which layers of the vessel wall separate, with creation of a cavity
