Week 4: Ophthalmic Disorders (Bolded/Underlined Terms) Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of the anatomy of the eye?
- exterior
- uveal tract
- interior
The pharmacologic therapy for contact dermatitis are _____.
oral antihistamines
example: Loratadine
Dry eyes is usually due to abnormalities in tears and most often associated with the ____.
aging process (decreased tear production)
Note: women more than men because women have menopause, causing less tear production
Dry eyes may be due to different diseases such as ____.
Sjorgen’s disease
Dry eyes may be due to different drugs such as _____.
antihistamines
Non-pharmacologic therapies for treatment of dry eyes include AVOIDING ____.
- dry, dusty, or windy places
2. prolonged viewing of computer screens
One of the non-pharmacologic therapies for treatment of dry eyes include USING ____.
humidifiers
One of the non-pharmacologic therapies for treatment of dry eyes include DECREASE USE OF ____.
air-conditioning and heaters
What are the 3 pharmacologic therapies for treatment of dry eyes?
- artificial tears solutions
- non-medicated ointment or gel
- supplement on omega-3 fatty acid (flax seed oil)
When using a pharmacologic therapy for treatment of dry eyes, you should AVOID _______.
ocular decongestants or antihistamines
When using a non-medicated ointment or gel for treatment of dry eyes, you should use _____.
ointment preparations at night due to blurred vision
A pharmacist should recommend _____ for sensitive eyes.
preservative-free eye drops
Because _____ eyedrops can be easily contaminated, discard any unused solution immediately after opening.
preservative-free
Used as an artificial tear solution, the MOA of cellulose ethers is to ____.
- increase viscosity
2. slow tear evaporation
Used as an artificial tear solution, the MOA of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 1.4% is to ____.
enhance stability of tear film
Used as an artificial tear solution, the MOA of povidone is to ____.
form a hydrophilic layer on the corneal surface
Used as an artificial tear solution, the MOA of ___ is to increase viscosity and slow tear evaporation.
cellulose ethers
Used as an artificial tear solution, the MOA of ___ is to enhance stability of tear film.
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 1.4%
Used as an artificial tear solution, the MOA of ___ is to form a hydrophilic layer on the corneal surface.
povidone 0.6%
The use of ____ are to limit the growth of microorganisms.
preservatives
_____ is both a preservative and surfactant with a long shelf-life. There can be toxic effects on tear film and the corneal epithelium and may cause allergy and dry eyes.
benzalkonium chloride (BAK)
Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a preservative and a surfactant with a long shelf-life. It’s function is ____.
bactericidal
Kills bacteria
Name examples of 2 brand names for artificial tear solutions.
Hypotears
Refresh
As soon as the eye drop is applied, you should release the eyelid _____ and close the eyes gently for 2-3 minutes.
slowly
After the eye drop is applied and you have closed your eyes gently for 2-3 minutes, you should use a ______.
finger to apply gentle pressure over the opening of the tear duct to avoid drainage
When administering eyedrops, you should wait at least _____ if multiple medications are indicated.
5 minutes before instilling the next drop
When administering eyedrops, you should _____ if using a suspension.
shake well before instilling
If someone is using multiple eye medications, the sequence of application should be ______.
- solution
- suspension
- ointment/gel
You should administer eye ointments in a _____ and place 1/4 to 1/2 inch of ointment inside the lower eyelid by gently squeezing the tube but avoid touching the tube tip to any tissue surface.
sweeping motion
You should administer eye ointments in a sweeping motion and place 1/4 to 1/2 inch of ointment inside the lower eyelid by gently squeezing the tube BUT avoid ____.
touching the tube tip to any tissue surface.
Allergic conjuctivitis has similar signs and symptoms to seasonal allergic rhinitis such as red eye, water discharge, and ocular itching.
What is the pharmacologic therapy used to get the RED out f the eye?
ocular decongestants
Allergic conjuctivitis has similar signs and symptoms to seasonal allergic rhinitis such as red eye, water discharge, and ocular itching.
What is the pharmacologic therapy used to STOP the WATERY EYES?
ocular antihistamines
Phenylephrine, naphazoline, tetrahydrozoline, and oxymetazoline are examples of ophthalmic DECONGESTANTS with the following safety consideration: _____.
rebound congestion of the conjuctiva
In order to prevent rebound congestion of the conjuctiva when using ophthalmic decongestants, you should limit use to _____.
72 hours (3 days)
The brand ______ is an ophthalmic decongestant that contains the ingredient naphazoline. It has a frequency of Q6hr and duration of 3-4 hours.
Naphcon
The brand ____ is an ophthalmic decongestant that contains the ingredient oxymetazoline. It has a frequency of Q6hr and duration of 4-6 hours.
Visine L.R.
The two ophthalmic ANTIHISTAMINES are ____. They are also H1 receptor antagonists.
- Pheniramine
2. Antazoline
Ophthalmic antihistamines are more effective to combine with a decongestant. The combination of Pheniramine + Naphazoline can be found in which two Brands?
Naphcon-A and Opcon-A
also Visine-A
Ophthalmic antihistamines are more effective to combine with a decongestant. The combination of Antazoline + Naphazoline can be found in which Brand?
Vasocon-A
The antihistamine ____ and the decongestant _____ are the combination ingredients of Naphcon-A or Opcon-A.
antihistamine: Pheniramine
decongestant: Naphazoline
The antihistamine ____ and the decongestant _____ are the combination ingredients in Vasocon-A.
antihistamine: Antazoline
decongestant: Naphazoline
One important safety consideration for ophthalmic antihistamines is to limit use to _____.
72 hours (3 days)
_____ is an ophthalmic antihistamine, mast cell stabilizer, and inhibits eosinophil release.
ketotifen (Zaditor)
You can use the ophthalmic antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer known as ketotifen (Zaditor) for more than ______.
72 hours because it does not contain a vasoconstrictor (decongestant).
You can use the ophthalmic antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer known as _____ for more than 72 hours because it does not contain a vasoconstrictor (decongestant) unlike combination OTC eye allergy drops.
ketotifen (Zaditor)
You can use the ophthalmic antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer known as ketotifen (Zaditor) for more than 72 hours because it does not contain ____.
a vasoconstrictor (decongestant).
_____ is a result of overwear of CONTACT LENSES, surgical damage, or inherited corneal dystrophies.
corneal edema
The symptoms of corneal edema are ____.
halos and starbursts around lights.
The treatment for corneal edema is to _____ of the eye.
draw fluid out
You can self treat when foreign substances get into the eye ONLY if there is ____.
- minor irritation
2. no abrasions
When foreign substances get into the eye and you self treat with irrigation (either sterile water or eyewash-irrigants), you MUST AVOID use of ____.
contact lenses because the absorption of preservatives by the lenses can cause damage to the cornea.
When administering ophthalmic irrigants, DO NOT USE the ____ because it is a medium for fungal and bacterial growth due to the risk of contamination.
eye cup provided
When should you DISCARD or REPLACE eye drop bottles?
30 days after the sterility safety seal is opened regardless of the manufacturer’s expiration date
How long do you limit the use of ocular DECONGESTANTS?
3 days
If a patient using MORE THAN ONE ocular medication, what is the order of application?
Apply:
Solution
Suspension
Gel/ointment
How long should you wait in between eye drop instillations?
at least 5 minutes
