Week 4: Learning and Conditioning Flashcards
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Who is most associated with classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior learning.
What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?
A natural, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.
What is operant conditioning?
A type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it.
Who is most associated with operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What is reinforcement?
Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.
What is positive reinforcement?
A: Adding a rewarding stimulus to increase a behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
What is punishment?
Any event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
What is positive punishment?
Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.
What is negative punishment?
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
What is a reinforcement schedule?
A rule or plan for determining when and how often reinforcement will be given.
What is continuous reinforcement?
Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, leading to rapid learning.
What is partial (intermittent) reinforcement?
Reinforcing a behavior only some of the time, leading to greater resistance to extinction.
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses.
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
Reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to high response rates.
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
Reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time has passed.
What is a variable-interval schedule?
Reinforcement is provided at unpredictable time intervals, leading to steady, moderate response rates.
What is observational learning?
What is observational learning?
Who is most associated with observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What is the law of effect?
The principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to recur, while those followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely.
