Week 4: Genetics Flashcards
Genotype
The arrangement of Alleles determines the outcome for the body (AA, Aa, aa)
Phenotype
The expression of a genotype
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Chemically, a complex molecule composed of nucleotides joined together with phosphate sugars. Chromosomes are large molecules of DNA.
Genetic Engineering
The term most frequently used to describe the technologies for moving genes from ones species to another.
Chromosome
The DNA-containing structures in cells.
Composed of segments called genes.
In the cell nucleus.
Gene
A short segment of a chromosome. Genes direct the synthesis of proteins or perform regulatory functions.
Selective Breeding / Artificial Selection
The process by which humans use animal breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits by choosing which animal males and females will sexually reproduce.
Somatic Cells
Any cell that isn’t a reproductive cell.
Autosomes
All chromosomes other than other than the sex chromosomes
Diploid
Having two sets of chromosomes as opposed to the one set found in gametes
Haploid
A cell with half the usual number of chromosomes. Sex cells are haploid.
Four Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine =/= Guanine
Thymine =/= Adenine
Messenger RNA
Carries the specific information codes for a particular
Transfer RNA
Identifies an amino acid and a base triplet in mRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Essential for ribosome structure and function
Transcription
Process of reading the genetic code
DNA -> RNA
Translation
Process of synthesizing the protein from the transcribed code
RNA -> Proetin
Translation
Process of synthesizing the protein from the transcribed code
RNA -> Protein
Inheritance
Alleles are passed from parent to offspring
Locus
Location of a gene on an allele
Principle of segregation
When Gametes are formed, the genes at a given locus separate so that each is incorporated into different gametes
Principle of Independent Assortment
In the formation of gametes, separation of a pair of genes is independent of the separation of other pairs
Gametes
Haploid Sex Cells
Haploid
Presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organisms cells
Diploid
Presence of two sets of chromosomes in an organisms cells
Mitosis
Replication process of somatic cells
Divides into two identical daughter cells
Diploid Cells
Meiosis
The process that produces gametes
Haploid cells
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype in a heterozygous individual
Incomplete dominance
Condition in the heterozygote where both genes are expressed in a way different from either homozygous condition
Example: LL = Long ears, Ll = short ears, and ll = earless
Epistasis
Interaction among genes at different loci
Multiple Alleles
Genes with 3 or more alleles in the population (BLOOD TYPE)
Qualitative traits
Color, horned/non-horned,
Quantitative traits
Height, weight, speed, rate of gain, etc.
