Animallll Nutrition Carbohydrate Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Organic nutrients that are made up of carbon and water. CH2O
Macronutrients
Needed in large amounts
(carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Water)
Micronutrients
Needed in small amounts
(Vitamins, Minerals)
Monosaccharide
Single sugar
Simple CHO
Disaccharide
2 sugars
Simple CHO
Oligosaccharide
3-10 sugars
Complex CHO
Polysaccharide
More than 10 sugars
Complex CHO
Glucose
Most abundant monosaccharide in nature
Also known as dextrose or sometimes blood sugar
Bunch of glucose come together to form bigger sugars
Fructose
Found in fruits, honey, vegetables, and high fructose corn syrup.
Also known as fruit sugar
Galactose
Usually exists as part of a disaccharide attached to another sugar (primarily lactose)
Maltose
Composed of 2 gluocse
Rarely occurs naturally
Produced whenever starch breaks down
Sucrose
Made of glucose and fructose
Table Sugar
Lactose
Glucose and galactose
milk sugar
Added Sugars
sugars that a manufacturer has added to a processed food product
Raffinose and Stachyose
MAKES YOU FART LOL
because they are indigestible…
Starch
Polysaccharide
Storage form of glucose (energy) in plants
Composed of long chains of only glucose molecules
Amylose
Unbranched chains of glucose
Amylopectin
Branched chains of glucose
Glycogen
Polysaccharide
Storage form of glucose (energy) in the animal body
Composed of only glucose molecules (highly branched)
Fibers
Polysaccharides
Structural parts of plants
Found in all plant-derived foods
indigestible by body enzymes
Cellulose
Apple skin
Most abundant carbohydrate
Glue of the plant world :DDDD
Alpha (a) bonds
Between glucose molecules in starch.
Easily broken by mammalian digestive enzymes
Beta (B) bonds
In fibers.
Indigestible by mammalian digestive enzymes.
Gut microbiota can break em down.
Condensation reaction
Reactions that combine simple sugars to make bigger ones
Hydrolysis reaction
Breaks poly/disaccharides down into single sugars
Microvilli
Secrete enzymes to complete the CHO digestion
Lactose intolerance
Inability or insufficient ability to digest lactose
happens naturally (not a disease)
Step 1 of Carb digestion
The action of salivary amylase in the mouth begins to digest starch to shorter glucose chains.
Step 2 of Carb digestion
As soon as food reaches the stomach, stomach acid inactivates the amylase
Step 3 of Carb Digestion
In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase continues
the digestion of starch to maltose. Specific enzymes
produced by the microvilli digest the 3 disaccharides.
Galactosemia
Condition in which the body can’t metabolize galactose to glucose
Preferred fuel for the brain, nervous system, fetus, and placenta, and only fuel for red blood cells?
Glucose
How is glucose used by cells?
energy needs
Stored as glycogen
Converted to fat
What does Liver do in metabolism?
Converts fructose and galactose to glucose
Glucose levels ___ after eating
Rise
Glucose levels ___ between meals
fall
Insulin
Moves glucose from blood into cells
Stimulates liver and muscle to store glucose as glycogen
Stimulates conversion of excess glucose to fat
Glucagon
Breaks down glycogen to glucose
If no glucose available, stimulates the synthesis of glucose from protein in the liver
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol
make u adrenal mode bcuz release glucose go Ahhhh crazy
Diabetes
Chronic disease when the body is unable to regulate glucose levels
Pancreas does not make enough insulin so the body is not able to use insulin effectively.
