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ASCI 001 > Animallll Nutrition Carbohydrate > Flashcards

Animallll Nutrition Carbohydrate Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic nutrients that are made up of carbon and water. CH2O

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2
Q

Macronutrients

A

Needed in large amounts
(carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Water)

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

Needed in small amounts
(Vitamins, Minerals)

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4
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar

Simple CHO

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5
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 sugars

Simple CHO

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6
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

3-10 sugars

Complex CHO

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7
Q

Polysaccharide

A

More than 10 sugars

Complex CHO

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8
Q

Glucose

A

Most abundant monosaccharide in nature
Also known as dextrose or sometimes blood sugar
Bunch of glucose come together to form bigger sugars

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9
Q

Fructose

A

Found in fruits, honey, vegetables, and high fructose corn syrup.
Also known as fruit sugar

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10
Q

Galactose

A

Usually exists as part of a disaccharide attached to another sugar (primarily lactose)

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11
Q

Maltose

A

Composed of 2 gluocse
Rarely occurs naturally
Produced whenever starch breaks down

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12
Q

Sucrose

A

Made of glucose and fructose
Table Sugar

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13
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose and galactose
milk sugar

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14
Q

Added Sugars

A

sugars that a manufacturer has added to a processed food product

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15
Q

Raffinose and Stachyose

A

MAKES YOU FART LOL
because they are indigestible…

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16
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide

Storage form of glucose (energy) in plants
Composed of long chains of only glucose molecules

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17
Q

Amylose

A

Unbranched chains of glucose

18
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched chains of glucose

19
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide

Storage form of glucose (energy) in the animal body
Composed of only glucose molecules (highly branched)

20
Q

Fibers

A

Polysaccharides

Structural parts of plants
Found in all plant-derived foods
indigestible by body enzymes

21
Q

Cellulose

A

Apple skin
Most abundant carbohydrate
Glue of the plant world :DDDD

22
Q

Alpha (a) bonds

A

Between glucose molecules in starch.
Easily broken by mammalian digestive enzymes

23
Q

Beta (B) bonds

A

In fibers.
Indigestible by mammalian digestive enzymes.
Gut microbiota can break em down.

24
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Reactions that combine simple sugars to make bigger ones

25
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaks poly/disaccharides down into single sugars

26
Q

Microvilli

A

Secrete enzymes to complete the CHO digestion

27
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Inability or insufficient ability to digest lactose

happens naturally (not a disease)

28
Q

Step 1 of Carb digestion

A

The action of salivary amylase in the mouth begins to digest starch to shorter glucose chains.

29
Q

Step 2 of Carb digestion

A

As soon as food reaches the stomach, stomach acid inactivates the amylase

30
Q

Step 3 of Carb Digestion

A

In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase continues
the digestion of starch to maltose. Specific enzymes
produced by the microvilli digest the 3 disaccharides.

31
Q

Galactosemia

A

Condition in which the body can’t metabolize galactose to glucose

32
Q

Preferred fuel for the brain, nervous system, fetus, and placenta, and only fuel for red blood cells?

A

Glucose

33
Q

How is glucose used by cells?

A

energy needs
Stored as glycogen
Converted to fat

34
Q

What does Liver do in metabolism?

A

Converts fructose and galactose to glucose

35
Q

Glucose levels ___ after eating

A

Rise

36
Q

Glucose levels ___ between meals

A

fall

37
Q

Insulin

A

Moves glucose from blood into cells
Stimulates liver and muscle to store glucose as glycogen
Stimulates conversion of excess glucose to fat

38
Q

Glucagon

A

Breaks down glycogen to glucose
If no glucose available, stimulates the synthesis of glucose from protein in the liver

39
Q

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol

A

make u adrenal mode bcuz release glucose go Ahhhh crazy

40
Q

Diabetes

A

Chronic disease when the body is unable to regulate glucose levels

Pancreas does not make enough insulin so the body is not able to use insulin effectively.

ASCI 001 (15 decks)

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