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Haematology and Renal Medicine > Week 4: Disorders of Blood > Flashcards

Week 4: Disorders of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does MCV mean

A

Is the actual volume of the average red blood cell

Macrocytic is larger than normal, microcytic is smaller than normal

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2
Q

what does haematocrit mean

A

Is the ratio of RBC volume to the total blood volume

The actual packed cell volume

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3
Q

what is MCH

A

volume of the average Haemoglobin

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of defiency anaemia?

A

Iron defiency

Megaloblastic anaemia

Anaemia of chronic disease

aplastic anaemia

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of increased destruction anaemia?

A

blood loss anaemia

haemolytic (autoimmune) anaemia

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6
Q

Iron Defiency Anaemia

Comment on RBC, WBC and PLT count.

Comment on MCH and MCV

Comment on the appearance of the RBC

A

decrease RBC, normal WBC and PLT count

Decreased MCH and decreased MCV

Microcytic and hypochromic

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7
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of iron defiency anaemia

A

decreased iron –> decreased Hb production –> decreased RBC size –> decrease RBC O2 carrying

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8
Q

what are the clinical features of iron deficient anaemia?

A

glossitis (inflamation of tongue)

stomatitis (inflammation of lips and stomach)

koilonychia (abnormally thin nails)

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9
Q

what are the causes of iron deficient anaemia

A

Main cause is bleeding (in developing countries this is caused by worms / infections, in developed countries cancers etc.)

Can also occur through poor nutrition

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10
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia

Comment on RBC, WBC and PLT count.

Comment on MCH and MCV

Comment on the appearance of the RBC

A

Decrease RBC, WBC and PLT count (pancytopenia)

increase MCH and MCV

Macrocytic and Normochromic

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11
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of megaloblastic anaemia

A

Is caused by Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency which diminishes the ability of the blast cell to replicate DNA and divide (thus a deficiency will cause extremely large RBCs, in a diminished amount)

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12
Q

what are the clinical features of megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Mild jaundice

Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)

Chelitis (inflammation of lips)

Stomatitis (inflammation of mouth and lips)

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13
Q

What are the causes of megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Lack of an adequate diet

Can also be from GIT disorders and cancer therapies

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14
Q

Aplastic anaemia

Comment on RBC, WBC and PLT count.

Explain the pathogenesis

What are the causes for it

A

Decrease RBC, WBC and PLT (pancytopenia)

Caused by the stem cell not producing erythroblasts

idiopathic (could be from viral)

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15
Q

Haemloytic Anaemia (autoimmune)

What are the two types of this anaemia? and what causes them?

what are the clinical features of this anaemia

Comment on the MCH and MCV

Comment on the RBC, WBC and PLT count

A

Acquired

Immune response

Drugs

Infections

Congenital

Membrane abnormality (hereditary spherocytosis [HS])

Haemoglobin abnormality (sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia)

Enzyme abnormality (G6PD deficiency)

All of these affect young children, as foetal haemoglobin turns into adult haemoglobin and show severe anaemia and jaundice, splenomegaly (caused by breakdown of RBCs in spleen)

Clinical features of Haemolytic anaemia include;

Jaundice (which is caused by the breakdown of RBCs, which releases Hb, which breaks down into bilirubin (causing the yellowing of the skin)

Marrow expansion (as a response to RBC loss)

Haemolysis

Decreased MCH and MCV

Pancytopenia

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16
Q

Comment on the appear of the RBC and other morphological features involved in haemolytic aneamia?

A

Abnormal RBC shape (Spherocytes [no central pallor] in immune, target form in thalassemia, sickle cells etc.)

Reticulocytes (which are immature RBCs. They are large and bluish)

Nucleated RBCs (nucleus within reticulocyte)

Low haptoglobin (Hb carrier protein, so as soon as the RBC break down it grabs onto it and takes it to the urine

17
Q

define neutrophilia

A

increased neutrophil count

18
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of leukemia

A

This is a cancer of the blast cells within the bone marrow, which results in continuous replication of the blast cells forming excess WBCs

Lymphoid leukaemia: which is caused by a mutation within the lymphoid stem cells

Myeloid Leukaemia: which is caused by a mutation within the myeloid stem cells

cancer cells fill up the bone marrow, causing destruction and impeding production, decreasing all other haemopoiesis

19
Q

what are the 4 types of leukemia

A

Acute: is used when the cells are dividing so fast, that they don’t have time to mature generating only blast cells, occur in the younger ages (kill patients fast)

Chronic: leukaemia’s refers to when the blast cells mature and progress slowly, occur in the older ages (kill the patients slowly)

Can have lymphoid or myeloid there we can have these 4 types of anemia:

Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia (common in the young children)

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (common in adults)

Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (common in the old)

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (common in the old)

20
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

Is a type of cancer of the lymphoid tissue, that produces solid tumours (unlike leukaemia’s)

Lymph nodes turn hard, and enlarge significantly

21
Q

Define anaemia

A

decrease RBC mass that affects tissue oxygenation

22
Q

What anaemia has decrease MCV and MCH with a microcytic appearance of RBC

A

iron deficient anaemia

23
Q

what anaemia has abnormal RBC shape, increased reticulocytes, nucleated RBCs and low haptoglobin

A

haemolytic anaemia

24
Q

what are 2 causes for megaloblastic anaemia

A

poor diet and GIT disorders

25
Q

pathogenesis of sickle cell anaemia

A

abnormality in Hb which distorts RBC shape

26
Q

list 3 common causes for neutrophilia

A

actue injury

inflammation

bacterial infeciton

27
Q

what is the difference between neutrophilia and leukemoid reaction?

A

neutrophilia is from acute injury, inflammation ofr bacterial infeciton whereas leukmoid reaction is from severe infection resulting in excessive stimulation of bone marrow

28
Q

what organs does leukemia travel to

A

Spleen, liver and lymphnodes

causes enlargement of these organs

29
Q

What is the pathology of thrombocytopenia

A

decreased platelet count –> leads to easy bleeding

30
Q

Which factors deficiency does Haemophilia A and B lead to

A

8 and 9

31
Q

What are 3 major groups of bleeding disorders?

A

haemophilia a and b

vWF disease

thrombocytopenia

32
Q

What are 3 factors which contribute to thrombosis?

A
  1. stasis of blood flow
  2. Hypercoagubility
  3. Endothelia injury
33
Q

why are diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease patients prescribed ‘low does asprin’ for life?

A

decrease risk of cardiovascular disease, decrease fever, aches and headaches

prevents platelets in blood from clumping and blocking arteries

Haematology and Renal Medicine (11 decks)

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