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Haematology and Renal Medicine > Week 1: Composition of Blood and Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Week 1: Composition of Blood and Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

At which stage of erythropoiesis does hemoglobin appear?

A

polychromatic erythroblast

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2
Q

What are the last 3 functions of plasma proteins? (Hint: the first 3 are Blood coagulation, transportation, plasma oncotic/osmotic pressure)

A

viscosity of blood, acid-base balance, Erthyrocyte sedimentation rate

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3
Q

What are the first 3 functions of Plasma proteins? (Hint: the last 3 are viscosity of blood, acid-base balance, Erthyrocyte sedimentation rate

A

Blood coagulation transportation Plasma oncotic/osmotic pressure

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4
Q

Name 3 transport functions of blood

A
  • carry nutrients around the body - carry hormones around the body - carry waste products to excretory organs
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5
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

150-400 billion per litre

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6
Q

What is the role of the red blood cell?

A

The red blood cell is essentially a concentration of haemoglobin (33% of RBC), transporting oxygen around the body

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7
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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8
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

kidneys

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9
Q

Name 3 regulatory functions of blood

A
  • regulate temperature - regulate fluid balance - regulate pH
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10
Q

List some changes that occur during cell maturation

A
  • decreased size - increased cytoplasmic volume - decrease in RNA -> decrease in basophilia - granules appear and condense - Chromatin thickens, becomes course and irregular - elative amount of cytoplasm increases
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11
Q

What are the main formed elements of blood?

A

Red blood cells, White blood cells, and Platelet

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12
Q

Fill the timeline of haematopoiesis during embryonic development

A
  1. yolk sack
  2. liver
  3. spleen
  4. bone marrow
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13
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

Water (92%), Plasma proteins (7%), and other solutes (1%)

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14
Q

fill the blanks

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinohils
  3. basophils
  4. monocytes
  5. lymphocytes
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15
Q

fill the blanks

A
  1. eosinophils
  2. neutrophils
  3. lymphocytes
  4. basophils
  5. monocytes
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16
Q

What causes hypoproteinaemia?

A

Dilution or loss of plasma protein such as: - Excretory organ dysfunction such as nephrotic syndrome - pregnancy - extensive skin burns - malabsorption

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17
Q

What are the two main components of blood and what percentages do they account for?

A

Plasma - 46-63% Formed Elements - 37-54%

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18
Q

What are the 4 categories of globulin?

A

alpha1, alpha2, beta, gamma

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19
Q

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

The eryhtrocyte sedimentation rate is the rate at which erythrocytes settle into a sediment in an hour. Typically higher for females than males and correlating to the amount of fibrinogen

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20
Q

Name the agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

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21
Q

What causes hyperproteinaemia?

A

Usually excessive fluid loss increasing protein concentration such as: - vomiting - diarrhoea - diabetes insipidus

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22
Q

What are the sites of red marrow in the adult?

A

sternum - vertebrae - ribs - clavicles - skull - pelvis - proximal ends of long bone

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23
Q

Which is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin (60%)

24
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin?

A

This cytokine stimulates RBC production, all steps of maturation, and release

25
Q

Name 4 types of molecules albumin transports

A

Steroid hormones, lipids, fatty acids, bilirubin

26
Q

What is the normal blood volume for an adult male and female respectively?

A

m: 5-6L f: 4-5L

27
Q

What is the normal life span of platelets?

A

5-9 days

28
Q

Complete the right cascade (include step 1)

A
  1. myeloblast
  2. myelomonoblast
  3. promonocyte
  4. monocyte
  5. macrophage
29
Q

What level of albumin is considered albuminaemia?

A

<1.0g/L

30
Q

What is considered hyperproteinaemia?

A

> 8.0g/L

31
Q

Which stages of erythrocytes can be found in the blood?

A

reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes

32
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement toward certain chemicals

33
Q

At which stage of erythropoiesis does the nucleus disappear?

A

Between the orthochromoblast and reticulocyte stages the nucleus is pushed the periphery and removed.

34
Q

Name 3 types of molecule transported by globulins

A

lipids, hormones, metal ions

35
Q

Which leukocytes are phagocytic?

A

neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)

36
Q

How much of the human body weight is accounted for by blood?

A

8%

37
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

Fibrinogen is a clotting factor (CF1). It makes the blood viscous and contributes to clotting.

38
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

In bone marrow - mostly red

39
Q

How long does erythropoiesis take?

A

5-9 days

40
Q

What stimulates erythropoietin release?

A

Hypoxia (decreased blood flow and therefore decrease oxygen to kidneys) - causes kidneys to produce erythropoietin

41
Q

What is the functional advantage of the erythrocytes bi-concave shape?

A

high surface area:volume and flexibility

42
Q

Name the steps of erythropoiesis

A
  1. pluripotent stem cell
  2. Pronormoblast
  3. basophilic normoblast
  4. polychromatophilic normoblast
  5. orthochromic normoblast
  6. shift reticulocyte - BM
  7. reticulocyte - PB
  8. erythrocyte
43
Q

In what unit is blood viscosity measured and what is a normal value?

A

centipoise - 1.1-1.2

44
Q

Name the granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

45
Q

What is the precursor to all blood cells?

A

pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

46
Q

Complete the left cascade

A
  1. myeloblast
  2. promyelocyte
  3. myelocyte
  4. metamyelocyte
  5. Band form
  6. neutrophil
47
Q

What is the normal blood pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

48
Q

What are the haematopoiesis stages? (3)

A

Mesoblastic stage: haematopoiesis in yolk sack Hepatic Stage: haematopoiesis in liver and spleen Myeloid stage: haematopoiesis in bone marrow

49
Q

What are an increased and decreased platelet count called respectively?

A

Thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia

50
Q

What would an increase in band neutrophils in the blood indicate?

A

band neutrophils are immature neutrophils. This indicates infection as the body has produced this increased amount of neutrophils to eventually mature and fight the infection.

51
Q

What could a decreased amount of WBC’s indicate and what could it leave the patient susceptible to?

A

A sustained infection. Can leave the patient susceptible to simple infection (immunosupressed)

52
Q

define hematocrit

A

number of RBCs to total blood volume

53
Q

define mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

average size of the RBCs

54
Q

define mean corpuscular haemgloblin (MCH)

A

average mass of the haemgloblin

55
Q

what is normochromic (think when referring to anaemias)?

What would hypochromic be?

A

Normochromic refers the the Hb in the RBC at a normal level.

Hypochromic would mean there is a deficieny in number of Hb.

56
Q

What is normocytic (think when referring to anaemia)

A

Normal size and shape of RBC - means there is just a deficiency of RBC when talking about anaemia.

57
Q

Name the factors which increase erythropoiesis:

A

Vitamins, metals, hormones and nutrional factors

Haematology and Renal Medicine (11 decks)

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