Week 1: Composition of Blood and Haematopoiesis

Question 1

At which stage of erythropoiesis does hemoglobin appear?

Answer 1

polychromatic erythroblast

Question 2

What are the last 3 functions of plasma proteins? (Hint: the first 3 are Blood coagulation, transportation, plasma oncotic/osmotic pressure)

Answer 2

viscosity of blood, acid-base balance, Erthyrocyte sedimentation rate

Question 3

What are the first 3 functions of Plasma proteins? (Hint: the last 3 are viscosity of blood, acid-base balance, Erthyrocyte sedimentation rate

Answer 3

Blood coagulation transportation Plasma oncotic/osmotic pressure

Question 4

Name 3 transport functions of blood

Answer 4

• carry nutrients around the body - carry hormones around the body - carry waste products to excretory organs

Question 5

What is a normal platelet count?

Answer 5

150-400 billion per litre

Question 6

What is the role of the red blood cell?

Answer 6

The red blood cell is essentially a concentration of haemoglobin (33% of RBC), transporting oxygen around the body

Question 7

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

Answer 7

120 days

Question 8

Where is erythropoietin produced?

Answer 8

kidneys

Question 9

Name 3 regulatory functions of blood

Answer 9

• regulate temperature - regulate fluid balance - regulate pH

Question 10

List some changes that occur during cell maturation

Answer 10

• decreased size - increased cytoplasmic volume - decrease in RNA -> decrease in basophilia - granules appear and condense - Chromatin thickens, becomes course and irregular - elative amount of cytoplasm increases

Question 11

What are the main formed elements of blood?

Answer 11

Red blood cells, White blood cells, and Platelet

Question 12

Fill the timeline of haematopoiesis during embryonic development

Answer 12

1. yolk sack
2. liver
3. spleen
4. bone marrow

Question 13

What makes up plasma?

Answer 13

Water (92%), Plasma proteins (7%), and other solutes (1%)

Question 14

fill the blanks

Answer 14

1. neutrophils
2. eosinohils
3. basophils
4. monocytes
5. lymphocytes

Question 15

fill the blanks

Answer 15

1. eosinophils
2. neutrophils
3. lymphocytes
4. basophils
5. monocytes

Question 16

What causes hypoproteinaemia?

Answer 16

Dilution or loss of plasma protein such as: - Excretory organ dysfunction such as nephrotic syndrome - pregnancy - extensive skin burns - malabsorption

Question 17

What are the two main components of blood and what percentages do they account for?

Answer 17

Plasma - 46-63% Formed Elements - 37-54%

Question 18

What are the 4 categories of globulin?

Answer 18

alpha1, alpha2, beta, gamma

Question 19

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Answer 19

The eryhtrocyte sedimentation rate is the rate at which erythrocytes settle into a sediment in an hour. Typically higher for females than males and correlating to the amount of fibrinogen

Question 20

Name the agranulocytes

Answer 20

lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 21

What causes hyperproteinaemia?

Answer 21

Usually excessive fluid loss increasing protein concentration such as: - vomiting - diarrhoea - diabetes insipidus

Question 22

What are the sites of red marrow in the adult?

Answer 22

sternum - vertebrae - ribs - clavicles - skull - pelvis - proximal ends of long bone

Question 23

Which is the most abundant plasma protein?

Answer 23

Albumin (60%)

Question 24

What is the role of erythropoietin?

Answer 24

This cytokine stimulates RBC production, all steps of maturation, and release

Question 25

Name 4 types of molecules albumin transports

Answer 25

Steroid hormones, lipids, fatty acids, bilirubin

Question 26

What is the normal blood volume for an adult male and female respectively?

Answer 26

m: 5-6L f: 4-5L

Question 27

What is the normal life span of platelets?

Answer 27

5-9 days

Question 28

Complete the right cascade (include step 1)

Answer 28

1. myeloblast 7. myelomonoblast 8. promonocyte 9. monocyte 10. macrophage

Question 29

What level of albumin is considered albuminaemia?

Answer 29

\<1.0g/L

Question 30

What is considered hyperproteinaemia?

Answer 30

\> 8.0g/L

Question 31

Which stages of erythrocytes can be found in the blood?

Answer 31

reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes

Question 32

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 32

Movement toward certain chemicals

Question 33

At which stage of erythropoiesis does the nucleus disappear?

Answer 33

Between the orthochromoblast and reticulocyte stages the nucleus is pushed the periphery and removed.

Question 34

Name 3 types of molecule transported by globulins

Answer 34

lipids, hormones, metal ions

Question 35

Which leukocytes are phagocytic?

Answer 35

neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)

Question 36

How much of the human body weight is accounted for by blood?

Answer 36

8%

Question 37

What is the role of fibrinogen?

Answer 37

Fibrinogen is a clotting factor (CF1). It makes the blood viscous and contributes to clotting.

Question 38

Where does haematopoiesis occur?

Answer 38

In bone marrow - mostly red

Question 39

How long does erythropoiesis take?

Answer 39

5-9 days

Question 40

What stimulates erythropoietin release?

Answer 40

Hypoxia (decreased blood flow and therefore decrease oxygen to kidneys) - causes kidneys to produce erythropoietin

Question 41

What is the functional advantage of the erythrocytes bi-concave shape?

Answer 41

high surface area:volume and flexibility

Question 42

Name the steps of erythropoiesis

Answer 42

1. pluripotent stem cell 2. Pronormoblast 3. basophilic normoblast 4. polychromatophilic normoblast 5. orthochromic normoblast 6. shift reticulocyte - BM 7. reticulocyte - PB 8. erythrocyte

Question 43

In what unit is blood viscosity measured and what is a normal value?

Answer 43

centipoise - 1.1-1.2

Question 44

Name the granulocytes?

Answer 44

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 45

What is the precursor to all blood cells?

Answer 45

pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

Question 46

Complete the left cascade

Answer 46

1. myeloblast 2. promyelocyte 3. myelocyte 4. metamyelocyte 5. Band form 6. neutrophil

Question 47

What is the normal blood pH range?

Answer 47

7.35-7.45

Question 48

What are the haematopoiesis stages? (3)

Answer 48

Mesoblastic stage: haematopoiesis in yolk sack Hepatic Stage: haematopoiesis in liver and spleen Myeloid stage: haematopoiesis in bone marrow

Question 49

What are an increased and decreased platelet count called respectively?

Answer 49

Thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia

Question 50

What would an increase in band neutrophils in the blood indicate?

Answer 50

band neutrophils are immature neutrophils. This indicates infection as the body has produced this increased amount of neutrophils to eventually mature and fight the infection.

Question 51

What could a decreased amount of WBC's indicate and what could it leave the patient susceptible to?

Answer 51

A sustained infection. Can leave the patient susceptible to simple infection (immunosupressed)

Question 52

define hematocrit

Answer 52

number of RBCs to total blood volume

Question 53

define mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer 53

average size of the RBCs

Question 54

define mean corpuscular haemgloblin (MCH)

Answer 54

average mass of the haemgloblin

Question 55

what is normochromic (think when referring to anaemias)? What would hypochromic be?

Answer 55

Normochromic refers the the Hb in the RBC at a normal level. Hypochromic would mean there is a deficieny in number of Hb.

Question 56

What is normocytic (think when referring to anaemia)

Answer 56

Normal size and shape of RBC - means there is just a deficiency of RBC when talking about anaemia.

Question 57

Name the factors which increase erythropoiesis:

Answer 57

Vitamins, metals, hormones and nutrional factors