week 4: development psychology

Question 1

what is development psychology?

Answer 1

the field of study that explores patterns of stability, continuity, growth and change that occur throughout a person’s life.

Question 2

domains of development

Answer 2

physical

cognitive psychosocial

Question 3

what is cognitive development?

Answer 3

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.

Question 4

what are Piaget’s cognitive stages

Answer 4

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

Question 5

what is piagets cognitive theory?

Answer 5

children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences

Question 6

sensorimotor stage age

Answer 6

0-2

Question 7

Preoperational stage age

Answer 7

2-7

Question 8

Concrete operational

age

Answer 8

7-12

Question 9

formal operational age

Answer 9

12+

Question 10

characteristics of piagets sensorimotor stage

Answer 10

the world is understood through the senses and actions
object permanence develops
child is completely egocentric

Question 11

characteristics of Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage

Answer 11

symbolic thoughts develop
object permanence is completely established
focus on perceptual salience
no logic
challenges with conservation
centration
irreversible thoughts
static thought

Question 12

what is object permanence?

Answer 12

a child’s ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard

Question 13

what is perceptual salience?

Answer 13

focusing on the most obvious features of an object/situation

eg. focusing on the one cloud in the clear sky

Question 14

what is conservation?

Answer 14

object doesn’t change when its appearance is altered in a superficial way
eg, 200ml water in wide vessel vs tall vessel, tall vessel will look like more but it is the same amount

Question 15

what is centration?

Answer 15

Focus on one aspect of a problem/object

eg, sandwich cut in 1/2s compared to 1/4s may seem like different amounts

Question 16

what is irreversible thought?

Answer 16

Cannot mentally undo an action

Question 17

what is Static thought?

Answer 17

Focusing on the end state rather than journey to end state

eg. child believing it will one day wake up and be tall

Question 18

what is egocentrism?

Answer 18

in/ability to see other peoples views

Question 19

piagets 3 mountain task age groups

Answer 19

• 4- to 6-year-olds take the egocentric perspective

- 9- to 10-year-olds are able to describe the view from the perspective of the other

Question 20

characteristics of piagets concrete operational stage

Answer 20

decentration
reversibility of thought
transformational thought

Question 21

what is decentration?

Answer 21

Can focus on two or more dimensions of a problem at once

Question 22

what is transformational thought?

Answer 22

Can understand the process of change from one state to another

Question 23

The Formal Operations Stage characteristics

Answer 23

systematic solution of actual and hypothetical problems using abstract symbols

Question 24

substages of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 24

reflex activity
primary circular reactions
secondary circular reactions
coordination of secondary schemes
tertiary circular reactions
beginning of thoughts

Question 25

pigets pendulum task

Question 26

what is Vygotsky's theory of development?

Answer 26

an emphasis on the role of social and cultural interaction as a motivation for cognitive development/learning

Question 27

what is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 27

the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

Question 28

zone of proximal development concepts

Answer 28

- Children collaborate and strive together to enhance their levels of understanding - Children learn through observation and the imitation of significant others (parents)

Question 29

what is psychosocial development?

Answer 29

encompasses changes in feeling, self-concept, interpersonal thought, and behaviour across the lifespan

Question 30

what are the 2 psychosocial development theories

Answer 30

1. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development | 2. attachment theory

Question 31

what is Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development?

Answer 31

``` psychosocial development continues throughout the lifespan each stage (8) represent the resolution of a developmental task (personality, identity) emphasis on social influence ```

Question 32

3 key features in Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Answer 32

cultural sensitivity an integration of biological, psychological and cultural considerations supporting empirical evidence

Question 33

8 stages of psychosocial development

Answer 33

1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame/doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. identity vs role confusion 6. intimacy vs isolation 7. generativity vs stagnation 8. ego integrity vs despair

Question 34

what is the age and development in the trust vs mistrust stage of psychosocial development

Answer 34

birth-1 focus on oral-sensory activity development of trusting relationships with caregivers and of self-trust (hope)

Question 35

what is the age and development in the autonomy vs shame/doubt stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 35

1-3 focus on muscular-anal activity development of control over bodily functions and activities (will)

Question 36

what is the age and development in the initiative vs guilt psychosocial stage?

Answer 36

3-6 focus on locomotor-genital activity testing limits of self-assertion and purposefulness (purpose)

Question 37

what is the age and development in the industry vs inferiority psychosocial stage?

Answer 37

6-12 | focus on mastery, competence and productivity (competence)

Question 38

what is the age and development in the identity vs role confusion

Answer 38

12-19 | focus on formation of identity and coherent self-concept (fidelity)

Question 39

what is the age and development in the intimacy vs isolation psychosocial stage?

Answer 39

19-25 | focus on achievement of an intimate relationship and career direction (love)

Question 40

what is the age and development in the generativity vs stagnation psychosocial stage?

Answer 40

25-50 | focus on fulfilment through creative, productive activity that contributes to future generations (care)

Question 41

what is the age and development in the ego integrity vs despair psychosocial stage?

Answer 41

50+ | focus on belief in integrity of life, including successes and failures (wisdom)

Question 42

what is attachment theory?

Answer 42

strong and enduring emotional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver during the infants first years of life

Question 43

what does attachment imply for the future of that child?

Answer 43

has implications for both concurrent and future psychological and social adjustment

Question 44

what does attachment reflect?

Answer 44

a desire by the child to be close to the caregiver the sense of security around the caregiver feelings of distress when caregiver is absent

Question 45

how do we measure attachment?

Answer 45

mother leaves child (12-18months) alone in room of toys. a stranger briefly joins the child and then the mother rejoins her child. measured the reaction of the child to the mother upon her leaving and returning

Question 46

what are the patterns of attachment?

Answer 46

secure avoidant ambivalent disorganised

Question 47

what is the relationship in a secure attachment style?

Answer 47

child welcomes mothers return and seeks closeness

Question 48

what is the relationship in an avoidant attachment style?

Answer 48

child ignores mother

Question 49

what is the relationship in an ambivalent attachment style?

Answer 49

child exhibits anger at mother while seeking to be close

Question 50

what is the relationship in a disorganised attachment style?

Answer 50

child may approach mother but gaze away, and may show odd motor behaviour and dazed facial expressions

Question 51

what does a secure attachment predict?

Answer 51

healthy balance of attachment and autonomy | freedom to explore

Question 52

what does an avoidant attachment predict?

Answer 52

shuts out emotions defends against hurt by avoiding intimacy dismisses the importance of relationships compulsively self-reliant

Question 53

what does a resistant/ambivalent attachment predict?

Answer 53

desperate for love to feel worthy as a person abandonment issues express anxiety and danger openly

Question 54

what does a disorganised attachment predict?

Answer 54

need relationships but doubts own worth fear of intimacy lack of coherent strategies for meeting attachment needs

Question 55

what are the parenting styles?

Answer 55

authoritarian permissive authoritative uninvolved