week 4: development psychology Flashcards
what is development psychology?
the field of study that explores patterns of stability, continuity, growth and change that occur throughout a person’s life.
domains of development
physical
cognitive psychosocial
what is cognitive development?
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.
what are Piaget’s cognitive stages
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
what is piagets cognitive theory?
children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences
sensorimotor stage age
0-2
Preoperational stage age
2-7
Concrete operational
age
7-12
formal operational age
12+
characteristics of piagets sensorimotor stage
the world is understood through the senses and actions
object permanence develops
child is completely egocentric
characteristics of Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage
symbolic thoughts develop object permanence is completely established focus on perceptual salience no logic challenges with conservation centration irreversible thoughts static thought
what is object permanence?
a child’s ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard
what is perceptual salience?
focusing on the most obvious features of an object/situation
eg. focusing on the one cloud in the clear sky
what is conservation?
object doesn’t change when its appearance is altered in a superficial way
eg, 200ml water in wide vessel vs tall vessel, tall vessel will look like more but it is the same amount
what is centration?
Focus on one aspect of a problem/object
eg, sandwich cut in 1/2s compared to 1/4s may seem like different amounts
what is irreversible thought?
Cannot mentally undo an action
what is Static thought?
Focusing on the end state rather than journey to end state
eg. child believing it will one day wake up and be tall
what is egocentrism?
in/ability to see other peoples views
piagets 3 mountain task age groups
- 4- to 6-year-olds take the egocentric perspective
- 9- to 10-year-olds are able to describe the view from the perspective of the other
characteristics of piagets concrete operational stage
decentration
reversibility of thought
transformational thought
what is decentration?
Can focus on two or more dimensions of a problem at once
what is transformational thought?
Can understand the process of change from one state to another
The Formal Operations Stage characteristics
systematic solution of actual and hypothetical problems using abstract symbols
substages of the sensorimotor stage
reflex activity primary circular reactions secondary circular reactions coordination of secondary schemes tertiary circular reactions beginning of thoughts
pigets pendulum task
what is Vygotsky’s theory of development?
an emphasis on the role of social and cultural interaction as a motivation for cognitive development/learning
what is the zone of proximal development?
the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers
zone of proximal development concepts
- Children collaborate and strive together to enhance their levels of understanding
- Children learn through observation and the imitation of significant others (parents)
what is psychosocial development?
encompasses changes in feeling, self-concept, interpersonal thought, and behaviour across the lifespan
what are the 2 psychosocial development theories
- Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
2. attachment theory
what is Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development?
psychosocial development continues throughout the lifespan each stage (8) represent the resolution of a developmental task (personality, identity) emphasis on social influence
3 key features in Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
cultural sensitivity
an integration of biological, psychological and cultural considerations
supporting empirical evidence
8 stages of psychosocial development
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame/doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair
what is the age and development in the trust vs mistrust stage of psychosocial development
birth-1
focus on oral-sensory activity
development of trusting relationships with caregivers and of self-trust (hope)
what is the age and development in the autonomy vs shame/doubt stage of psychosocial development?
1-3
focus on muscular-anal activity
development of control over bodily functions and activities (will)
what is the age and development in the initiative vs guilt psychosocial stage?
3-6
focus on locomotor-genital activity
testing limits of self-assertion and purposefulness (purpose)
what is the age and development in the industry vs inferiority psychosocial stage?
6-12
focus on mastery, competence and productivity (competence)
what is the age and development in the identity vs role confusion
12-19
focus on formation of identity and coherent self-concept (fidelity)
what is the age and development in the intimacy vs isolation psychosocial stage?
19-25
focus on achievement of an intimate relationship and career direction (love)
what is the age and development in the generativity vs stagnation psychosocial stage?
25-50
focus on fulfilment through creative, productive activity that contributes to future generations (care)
what is the age and development in the ego integrity vs despair psychosocial stage?
50+
focus on belief in integrity of life, including successes and failures (wisdom)
what is attachment theory?
strong and enduring emotional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver during the infants first years of life
what does attachment imply for the future of that child?
has implications for both concurrent and future psychological and social adjustment
what does attachment reflect?
a desire by the child to be close to the caregiver
the sense of security around the caregiver
feelings of distress when caregiver is absent
how do we measure attachment?
mother leaves child (12-18months) alone in room of toys. a stranger briefly joins the child and then the mother rejoins her child.
measured the reaction of the child to the mother upon her leaving and returning
what are the patterns of attachment?
secure
avoidant
ambivalent
disorganised
what is the relationship in a secure attachment style?
child welcomes mothers return and seeks closeness
what is the relationship in an avoidant attachment style?
child ignores mother
what is the relationship in an ambivalent attachment style?
child exhibits anger at mother while seeking to be close
what is the relationship in a disorganised attachment style?
child may approach mother but gaze away, and may show odd motor behaviour and dazed facial expressions
what does a secure attachment predict?
healthy balance of attachment and autonomy
freedom to explore
what does an avoidant attachment predict?
shuts out emotions
defends against hurt by avoiding intimacy
dismisses the importance of relationships
compulsively self-reliant
what does a resistant/ambivalent attachment predict?
desperate for love to feel worthy as a person
abandonment issues
express anxiety and danger openly
what does a disorganised attachment predict?
need relationships but doubts own worth
fear of intimacy
lack of coherent strategies for meeting attachment needs
what are the parenting styles?
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
uninvolved
