week 4 college, h8 h11, h12

Question 1

Define allostasis and allostatic (over) load?

Answer 1

Question 2

What are two important physiological stress systems? what are the most important neurotransmitters?

Answer 2

Question 3

what is the relation between stress systems en immune system?

Answer 3

Question 4

According to current research which statement is more important?
1: focussing on reducing stress response/reactivitiy
2: focussing on fast stress recovery

Answer 4

2

Question 5

name two positive effects of cortisol

Answer 5

Question 6

Name three negative effects of cortisol

Answer 6

Question 7

what is the role of “trait anxiety” in the relationship between stress and PTSD?

AND in Depression?

Answer 7

Question 8

What is primary appraisal in Lazarus cognitive transactional model of stress?

what are the three type of stressors defined?

Answer 8

Question 9

What is secondary appraisal in Lazarus cognitive transactional model of stress?

Answer 9

Question 10

what is the cause of stress according to Lazarus model?

Answer 10

Question 11

what can be the effects of reappraising stress induced arousal?

Answer 11

Question 12

How is coping defined in the lecture?

Answer 12

Question 13

Coping Style vs Strategy. What is meant by style?

Answer 13

general way of dealing with stress

Question 14

Coping Style vs Strategy. What is meant by strategy?

Answer 14

related to a specific event/context (so these can be different)

Question 15

describe the coping proces

Answer 15

Question 16

personality may indirectly influence illness progression or outcome by ………….

Answer 16

Question 17

what is the link between personality and physiological stress reactions?

Answer 17

Question 18

describe type A, C and D personality and their links to health problems

Answer 18

Question 19

stress-related illnesses such as depression and anxiety can be related to worse health outcomes via which four systems?

Answer 19

Question 20

studies show that a greater sense of belonging is associated with?

Answer 20

Question 21

what does data show in regard to giving social support?

Answer 21

Question 22

How is beliefd stress plays a role in percieved aging?

Answer 22

Question 23

what are gender differences in perceived levels of stress?

Answer 23

Question 24

Keypoints

name five negative moderators of stress mentioned in the lecture.

Answer 24

perseverative cognitions=repetitive or prolonged thinking about one’s past or future.

Question 25

# keypoints name six positive moderators of stress mentioned in the lecture.

Answer 25

Question 26

describe the **Yekes-Dodson law** of stress

Answer 26

Question 27

The SNS= long/short stress response? HPA=long/short stress response?

Answer 27

* SNS=short-->neurotransmitters * HPA=long-->hormones

Question 29

In which two ways does chronic stress negatively influence the brain?

Answer 29

Question 30

Describe the early model of stress (Selye): **general adaptation syndrome**. What criticism is mentioned on this model?

Answer 30

Question 31

which three basal psychological factors determine the effect of stress on the body?

Answer 31

Question 32

what is the diference between a direct physical threat and a perceived physical threat?

Answer 32

Direct= e.g. toxins, infections, bleeding, etc. perceived=your interpretations of the direct physical threat, which contribute to the stress response.

Question 33

what is the **perseverative cognitions**? And what is the effect of it on stress responses?

Answer 33

Question 34

How does perceived control reduces stressfulness?

Answer 34

Question 35

What are five types of control that are potentially helpfull?

Answer 35

Question 36

what is the definition of **hope**? what is the difference with optimism?

Answer 36

Optimism generally refers to a generalized expectancy that good things will happen, while hope is more specific and includes the elements of agency and pathways thinking (i.e., the ability to find ways to achieve one's goals).

Question 37

* what is **emotional disclosure**? * are there short or long term effects on stress? * What are the limitations?

Answer 37

Question 38

* According to Lazarus, via which three components does social support affect appraisal and coping? * Is there a difference between perceived and actual social support?

Answer 38

Question 39

Describe the **buffering hypothesis**

Answer 39

According to the buffering hypothesis, social support does not necessarily `reduce the likelihood` of experiencing stress; rather, it `changes the individual's experience` and response to stress. (indirect)

Question 40

via which two direct ways does social support influence stress reduction

Answer 40

Question 41

H8 voornamelijk anatomy. lecture is voldoende.

Question 43

Can you think of a points of criticism on Lazarus's framework?

Answer 43

* it is unclair whether both primary and secondary appraisel are needed. studies suggest that it is not always sufficient.

Question 44

what are **cataclysmic events**?

Answer 44

catastrophic stressfull events (e.g. earthquake)

Question 45

according to the **job demand-control** model stress comes from which four components?

Answer 45

1. demand 2. controllability 3. predictability 4. ambiguity

Question 46

What is the outtake from the **effort/reward imbalance model**?

Answer 46

putting in more effort than reward is stressful and can lead tot health problems

Question 47

define the **reactivity hypothesis**

Answer 47

`genes and envirionment` in combination lead to `vulnerability` to the `physiological and emotional` responses to stress.

Question 48

What is the relationship between stress and HIV/AIDS?

Answer 48

there is a moderate association between stress and HIV/AIDS. stress is involved in the number of NK cells.

Question 49

name the five main coping functions which contribute to successfull adaptation to a stressor

Answer 49

Question 50

**neuroticism** and high negative affectivity have higher/lower self-reported health, less/more symptoms.

Answer 50

lower, more

Question 51

conscientiousness has a negative/positive effect on stress and health. They often use problem/emotion focused coping

Answer 51

positive, problem

Question 52

extraversion is negative/positive regarding appraisal, active coping and emotional well-being.

Answer 52

positive

Question 53

optimism is related to less/more effective and persistent coping

Answer 53

more

Question 54

what is the relationship between **unrealistic optimism** and depression?

Answer 54

It can protect people from depression.

Question 55

* define **hardiness and reslilience**. * what is it's function?

Answer 55

* build by having a rich, varied and rewarding experiences in childhood. * buffer for negative influences of stress and illness.

Question 56

**Type A** is associated with which five traits?

Answer 56

1. competition 2. time-urgent 3. easily irritated/hostile 4. impatience 5. achievement-oriented

Question 57

**type C** is associated with which four traits?

Answer 57

1. passive behaviour 2. suppressing negative emotions 3. not assertive 4. sacrificing yourself for others

Question 58

**type D** is associated with which two traits?

Answer 58

1. high negative affect 2. social inhibition

Question 59

what is the difference between **self-efficacy** and **self-mastery**?

Answer 59

* self-efficacy: about the resources and skills a person has that lead to those outcomes. * self-mastery: about whether you could do anything if you went for it.

Question 60

postive psychology heavily relies on the **PERMA model of joy** which stands for?

Answer 60

Question 61

What is the relationship between social support and stress and illness?

Answer 61

social support is especially useful for reducing stress during illness, less so for preventing illness

Question 62

Define the **buffer hypothesis**

Answer 62

In times of high stress social support protects you fro the negative effects of stress through cognitive appraisal or coping.