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Health & medical > week 4 college, h8 h11, h12 > Flashcards

week 4 college, h8 h11, h12 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define allostasis and allostatic (over) load?

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2
Q

What are two important physiological stress systems? what are the most important neurotransmitters?

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3
Q

what is the relation between stress systems en immune system?

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4
Q

According to current research which statement is more important?
1: focussing on reducing stress response/reactivitiy
2: focussing on fast stress recovery

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2

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5
Q

name two positive effects of cortisol

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6
Q

Name three negative effects of cortisol

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7
Q

what is the role of “trait anxiety” in the relationship between stress and PTSD?

AND in Depression?

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8
Q

What is primary appraisal in Lazarus cognitive transactional model of stress?

what are the three type of stressors defined?

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9
Q

What is secondary appraisal in Lazarus cognitive transactional model of stress?

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10
Q

what is the cause of stress according to Lazarus model?

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11
Q

what can be the effects of reappraising stress induced arousal?

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12
Q

How is coping defined in the lecture?

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13
Q

Coping Style vs Strategy. What is meant by style?

A

general way of dealing with stress

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14
Q

Coping Style vs Strategy. What is meant by strategy?

A

related to a specific event/context (so these can be different)

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15
Q

describe the coping proces

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16
Q

personality may indirectly influence illness progression or outcome by ………….

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17
Q

what is the link between personality and physiological stress reactions?

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18
Q

describe type A, C and D personality and their links to health problems

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19
Q

stress-related illnesses such as depression and anxiety can be related to worse health outcomes via which four systems?

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20
Q

studies show that a greater sense of belonging is associated with?

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21
Q

what does data show in regard to giving social support?

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22
Q

How is beliefd stress plays a role in percieved aging?

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23
Q

what are gender differences in perceived levels of stress?

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24
Q

Keypoints

name five negative moderators of stress mentioned in the lecture.

A

perseverative cognitions=repetitive or prolonged thinking about one’s past or future.

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25
Q

keypoints

name six positive moderators of stress mentioned in the lecture.

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26
Q

describe the Yekes-Dodson law of stress

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27
Q

The SNS= long/short stress response?

HPA=long/short stress response?

A
  • SNS=short–>neurotransmitters
  • HPA=long–>hormones
28
Q
A
29
Q

In which two ways does chronic stress negatively influence the brain?

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30
Q

Describe the early model of stress (Selye): general adaptation syndrome. What criticism is mentioned on this model?

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31
Q

which three basal psychological factors determine the effect of stress on the body?

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32
Q

what is the diference between a direct physical threat and a perceived physical threat?

A

Direct= e.g. toxins, infections, bleeding, etc.

perceived=your interpretations of the direct physical threat, which contribute to the stress response.

33
Q

what is the perseverative cognitions? And what is the effect of it on stress responses?

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34
Q

How does perceived control reduces stressfulness?

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35
Q

What are five types of control that are potentially helpfull?

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36
Q

what is the definition of hope? what is the difference with optimism?

A

Optimism generally refers to a generalized expectancy that good things will happen, while hope is more specific and includes the elements of agency and pathways thinking (i.e., the ability to find ways to achieve one’s goals).

37
Q
  • what is emotional disclosure?
  • are there short or long term effects on stress?
  • What are the limitations?
A
38
Q
  • According to Lazarus, via which three components does social support affect appraisal and coping?
  • Is there a difference between perceived and actual social support?
A
39
Q

Describe the buffering hypothesis

A

According to the buffering hypothesis, social support does not necessarily reduce the likelihood of experiencing stress; rather, it changes the individual's experience and response to stress. (indirect)

40
Q

via which two direct ways does social support influence stress reduction

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41
Q

H8 voornamelijk anatomy. lecture is voldoende.

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42
Q
A
43
Q

Can you think of a points of criticism on Lazarus’s framework?

A
  • it is unclair whether both primary and secondary appraisel are needed. studies suggest that it is not always sufficient.
44
Q

what are cataclysmic events?

A

catastrophic stressfull events (e.g. earthquake)

45
Q

according to the job demand-control model stress comes from which four components?

A
  1. demand
  2. controllability
  3. predictability
  4. ambiguity
46
Q

What is the outtake from the effort/reward imbalance model?

A

putting in more effort than reward is stressful and can lead tot health problems

47
Q

define the reactivity hypothesis

A

genes and envirionment in combination lead to vulnerability to the physiological and emotional responses to stress.

48
Q

What is the relationship between stress and HIV/AIDS?

A

there is a moderate association between stress and HIV/AIDS. stress is involved in the number of NK cells.

49
Q

name the five main coping functions which contribute to successfull adaptation to a stressor

A
50
Q

neuroticism and high negative affectivity have higher/lower self-reported health, less/more symptoms.

A

lower, more

51
Q

conscientiousness has a negative/positive effect on stress and health. They often use problem/emotion focused coping

A

positive, problem

52
Q

extraversion is negative/positive regarding appraisal, active coping and emotional well-being.

A

positive

53
Q

optimism is related to less/more effective and persistent coping

A

more

54
Q

what is the relationship between unrealistic optimism and depression?

A

It can protect people from depression.

55
Q
  • define hardiness and reslilience.
  • what is it’s function?
A
  • build by having a rich, varied and rewarding experiences in childhood.
  • buffer for negative influences of stress and illness.
56
Q

Type A is associated with which five traits?

A
  1. competition
  2. time-urgent
  3. easily irritated/hostile
  4. impatience
  5. achievement-oriented
57
Q

type C is associated with which four traits?

A
  1. passive behaviour
  2. suppressing negative emotions
  3. not assertive
  4. sacrificing yourself for others
58
Q

type D is associated with which two traits?

A
  1. high negative affect
  2. social inhibition
59
Q

what is the difference between self-efficacy and self-mastery?

A
  • self-efficacy: about the resources and skills a person has that lead to those outcomes.
  • self-mastery: about whether you could do anything if you went for it.
60
Q

postive psychology heavily relies on the PERMA model of joy which stands for?

A
61
Q

What is the relationship between social support and stress and illness?

A

social support is especially useful for reducing stress during illness, less so for preventing illness

62
Q

Define the buffer hypothesis

A

In times of high stress social support protects you fro the negative effects of stress through cognitive appraisal or coping.

Health & medical (17 decks)

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