Week 4 - Cancer genetics

Question 1

Oncogene definition

Answer 1

Gene that is mutated, turns into a cancer

Question 2

Proto-oncogenes definition

Answer 2

becomes oncogene when activated, controls cell growth and multiplication

Question 3

RAS oncogene

Answer 3

Proteins that deliver signals to cell surface receptors

Question 4

Carcinogenesis

Answer 4

Cancer cells created by regular cells, causes uncontrolled multiplication 0f normal cells

Question 5

what causes an increase in enzyme concentration

Answer 5

Inc protein expression, increase in protein stability, gene duplication

Question 6

Chromosomal translocation causes

Answer 6

Increased gene expression at wpwt

Question 7

Viral integration

Answer 7

Viral integrates into dna resulting in activation of proto-oncogenes

Question 8

What molecules can be oncogenes?

Answer 8

Growth factor receptors

Signal transducers

Transcription factors

Question 9

OCG GFR

Answer 9

An oncogene can mutate in GFR, mutation can cause cell division

Question 10

OCG signal transducers

Answer 10

Once activated it continuously does it causing cell to proliferate

Question 11

OCG Transcription factors

Answer 11

Mutation causes the cell to live longer

Question 12

Transcription factors role

Answer 12

Proteins that control gene activity

Question 13

Tumour suppressor genes

Answer 13

Protects cell from cancer

Question 14

RB protein

Answer 14

Tumour suppressor, controls cell growth, can prevent proteins from performing DNA replication

Question 15

Apoptosis 3 stages

Answer 15

Condensation of the nucleus

Nucleus fragments

Dead cells engulfed by phagocytic cells

Question 16

2 types of apoptosis pathways compared

Answer 16

extrinsic: External , cells have a death receptor, binding causes apoptosis

intrinsic: Controlled by the mitochondria, internal, DNA damage or stress causes apoptosis

Question 17

Bc12

Answer 17

Type of protein, controls membrane permeability

Question 18

Angiogenesis

Answer 18

Forms new blood vessels from old ones, uses vascular endotheilal growth factor, tumour releases VEGF, binds to receptor, allows gene to be expressed

Question 19

Metastasis

Answer 19

Cancer spreading from one organ to another, main tumour cells’ leave it goes to another place to cause metastasis

Question 20

Intravasation

Answer 20

movement of tumour cells
from the tumour into the blood supply

Question 21

Extravasation

Answer 21

the movement of tumour
cells out of the blood supply into new
organs/tissue

Question 22

Example of tumour suppressor genes

Answer 22

Retinoblastoma gene