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Applied genetics > DNA structure / Gene expression > Flashcards

DNA structure / Gene expression Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genes

A

Section of DNA that carries information

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2
Q

Chromosomes contain

A

Genes

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3
Q

Number of chromosomes

A

23/23 = 46

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4
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Pentose sugar ribose, phosphate, 4 n bases

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5
Q

What is a subunit of dna called?

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

Complementary in terms of bases

A

If in one strand there’s a T. there’s an A in the other; if there’s a C in one, there’s a G in another

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7
Q

The bond between cystonine and thymine is

A

Single bond

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8
Q

Adenine and guanine bond is

A

A double bond

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9
Q

Why is dna wound?

A

To make it shorter to fit into nucleus

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10
Q

What is dna wound around?

A

Histone protein

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11
Q

What is the role of DNA replication?

A

Ensures when a cell divides its two daughter cells are the exact same

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12
Q

Step 1 of DNA replication

A
  1. The two strands of the double helix are separated using the helicase enzyme, which provides a template for new strands of DNA, creates a fork shape
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13
Q

Step 2 of DNA replication

A

Primase enzyme creates new strand; attaches to old strand to make a primer

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14
Q

Step 3 of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase binds to primer making new strands in one direction in 3-5 direction

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15
Q

Step 4 of DNA replication

A

The lagging strand can’t be made in the same way because it is in the 5-3 direction

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16
Q

Step 5 of DNA replication

A

Primase binds to lagging strand by adding a primer, then DNA polymerase binds to lagging strand to make short row of DNA bases

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17
Q

Step 6 of DNA replication

A

ANother primer is added further up to the left, using okazaki fragment

18
Q

Step 7 of DNA replication

A

An exonuclease enzyme removes primers and adds in bases to fill gaps from primers

19
Q

Step 8 of DNA replication

A

A final enzyme called DNA ligase binds to strands to seal them to form the double strands

20
Q

Why is DNA replication described as semi-conservative?

A

1 new strand / 1 old strand

21
Q

Role of replication bubbles?

A

Forms between strands to increase the rate of DNA replication

22
Q

When DNA is formed after DNA replication what happens to it?

A

Taken to the cytoplasm to be transcribed and translated

23
Q

What is transcription?

A

Makes RNA from DNA

24
Q

What does transcription require?

A

DNA, transcription factors, RNA

25
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A

Creates proteins through translation, acts as a messenger molecule

26
Q

Step 1 of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter sight, pulling DNA apart from the 2 main strands, one strands provides a template for mRNA

27
Q

Step 2 of DNA replication

A

RNA polymerase moves in a 3-5 direction, then capped to stop it breaking down

28
Q

Step 3 of DNA replication

A

Transcription continues until termination bases are reached, adenine bases added on 3 end

29
Q

Step 4 of DNA replication

A

This repeats hundreds of times, DNA and polymerase seperate from RNA strand

30
Q

Most genes are…

A

Only transcribed in specific areas

31
Q

What is needed for transcription?

A

General transcription factors, specific transcription factors

32
Q

What is the role of general transcription factors?

A

Allows RNA polymerase to bind to promoter to work properly

33
Q

How can transcription factors work more effectively?

A

Using enhancer,this is done by binding to activators which binds to co-activators which then binds to GTF

34
Q

How do we look for specific DNA sequences?

A

Using DNA-binding motifs, which allows it to fit into a DNA double helix

35
Q

Chromatin

A

Combination of DNA and histone protein

36
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of cellular respiration

37
Q

What is translation?

A

THe process of which a protein is created from mRNA

38
Q

What does translation require?

A

mRNA, s,all+large subunits of ribosome molecule, tRNA and release factor

39
Q

Initation

A

Small ribosome attaches to methylated cap of mRNA slides into first codon, trna contains anti-codon which is complementary to codon; on the end of tRNA is AA methionine,

large ribosomal unit binds to make P site, a 2nd trna binds to A site4 beside 1stt codon, 1st AA binds to 2nd trna, that trna molecule leaves and process repets sliding down mRNA

40
Q

Elongation

A

Process repeats

41
Q

Termination

A

The stop codon is the final stage, release factor molecule enters and terminates process, the protein is released from tRNA

Applied genetics (10 decks)

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