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Applied genetics > DNA structure / Gene expression > Flashcards

DNA structure / Gene expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Genes

A

Section of DNA that carries information

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2
Q

Chromosomes contain

A

Genes

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3
Q

Number of chromosomes

A

23/23 = 46

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4
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Pentose sugar ribose, phosphate, 4 n bases

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5
Q

What is a subunit of dna called?

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

Complementary in terms of bases

A

If in one strand there’s a T. there’s an A in the other; if there’s a C in one, there’s a G in another

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7
Q

The bond between cystonine and thymine is

A

Single bond

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8
Q

Adenine and guanine bond is

A

A double bond

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9
Q

Why is dna wound?

A

To make it shorter to fit into nucleus

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10
Q

What is dna wound around?

A

Histone protein

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11
Q

What is the role of DNA replication?

A

Ensures when a cell divides its two daughter cells are the exact same

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12
Q

Step 1 of DNA replication

A
  1. The two strands of the double helix are separated using the helicase enzyme, which provides a template for new strands of DNA, creates a fork shape
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13
Q

Step 2 of DNA replication

A

Primase enzyme creates new strand; attaches to old strand to make a primer

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14
Q

Step 3 of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase binds to primer making new strands in one direction in 3-5 direction

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15
Q

Step 4 of DNA replication

A

The lagging strand can’t be made in the same way because it is in the 5-3 direction

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16
Q

Step 5 of DNA replication

A

Primase binds to lagging strand by adding a primer, then DNA polymerase binds to lagging strand to make short row of DNA bases

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17
Q

Step 6 of DNA replication

A

ANother primer is added further up to the left, using okazaki fragment

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18
Q

Step 7 of DNA replication

A

An exonuclease enzyme removes primers and adds in bases to fill gaps from primers

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19
Q

Step 8 of DNA replication

A

A final enzyme called DNA ligase binds to strands to seal them to form the double strands

20
Q

Why is DNA replication described as semi-conservative?

A

1 new strand / 1 old strand

21
Q

Role of replication bubbles?

A

Forms between strands to increase the rate of DNA replication

22
Q

When DNA is formed after DNA replication what happens to it?

A

Taken to the cytoplasm to be transcribed and translated

23
Q

What is transcription?

A

Makes RNA from DNA

24
Q

What does transcription require?

A

DNA, transcription factors, RNA

25
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A

Creates proteins through translation, acts as a messenger molecule

26
Q

Step 1 of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter sight, pulling DNA apart from the 2 main strands, one strands provides a template for mRNA

27
Q

Step 2 of DNA replication

A

RNA polymerase moves in a 3-5 direction, then capped to stop it breaking down

28
Q

Step 3 of DNA replication

A

Transcription continues until termination bases are reached, adenine bases added on 3 end

29
Q

Step 4 of DNA replication

A

This repeats hundreds of times, DNA and polymerase seperate from RNA strand

30
Q

Most genes are…

A

Only transcribed in specific areas

31
Q

What is needed for transcription?

A

General transcription factors, specific transcription factors

32
Q

What is the role of general transcription factors?

A

Allows RNA polymerase to bind to promoter to work properly

33
Q

How can transcription factors work more effectively?

A

Using enhancer,this is done by binding to activators which binds to co-activators which then binds to GTF

34
Q

How do we look for specific DNA sequences?

A

Using DNA-binding motifs, which allows it to fit into a DNA double helix

35
Q

Chromatin

A

Combination of DNA and histone protein

36
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of cellular respiration

37
Q

What is translation?

A

THe process of which a protein is created from mRNA

38
Q

What does translation require?

A

mRNA, s,all+large subunits of ribosome molecule, tRNA and release factor

39
Q

Initation

A

Small ribosome attaches to methylated cap of mRNA slides into first codon, trna contains anti-codon which is complementary to codon; on the end of tRNA is AA methionine,

large ribosomal unit binds to make P site, a 2nd trna binds to A site4 beside 1stt codon, 1st AA binds to 2nd trna, that trna molecule leaves and process repets sliding down mRNA

40
Q

Elongation

A

Process repeats

41
Q

Termination

A

The stop codon is the final stage, release factor molecule enters and terminates process, the protein is released from tRNA

42
Q

Genome

A

Set of DNA molecules in an organism

43
Q

Base pairing

A

A-T G-C

44
Q

Where does DNA replication begin

A

Origin of replication

45
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Labaratory technique to separate RNA/DNA

Mix with agarose gel, place in electrophoresis chamber add electrical current

bigger the molecule = slower etc

Simple and cheap but low resolution for large molecules

46
Q

RT-PCR

A

Stands for Reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain reaction

Quantifies RNA using PCR

to study genes and identify viruses and pathogens

Isolate RNA, use RT enzyme to produce cDNA from RNA template, amplify to extend, identify products using gel

High sens + spec but can’t identify RNA without qRT-PCR

47
Q

Mass spectrometry

A

Technique to identify molecules based on m/z

Convert molecules to ions using electrospray, separate and detect

Used in proton identification and structural analysis

High sens, analyse large compounds but expensive and difficult procedure

Applied genetics (12 decks)

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