Week 4 - Behavioural views of learning Flashcards
Who created Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
Define ‘unconditioned stimulus’
One that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
Classical Conditioning
Define ‘unconditioned response’
Unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
Define ‘neutral stimulus’
Initially does not evoke a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
Define ‘conditioned stimulus’
Substitute stimulus triggers same response in organism as an unconditioned stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
Define ‘conditioned response’
Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s experiment (Dog)
UCS UCR NS CS CR
UCS: Food
UCR: Salivation
NS: Bell
CS: Bell
CR: Salivation
NS becomes CS
Classical Conditioning
Apply to classroom setting
- Teaching methods
- Teaching style
- Students’ attitude
- School bell
- Bullying
- Emotional responses
E.g. When teachers clap to get your attention
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Generalisation
When you produce the same response to something similar to the Conditioned Stimulus (e.g. different kinds of bells produce a CR)
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Discrimination
Similar stimuli to the CS doesn’t produce the same response (CR). Hence the discrimination.
Classical Conditioning
Extinction
Allows the learnt conditioning to be ‘undone’
Classical Conditioning
Pros and Cons
Pros
- Positive impact on research methodology
- Principles used by therapists to modify behaviour
Principles used in schools
Cons
- Not all behaviour fits the model
- Some actions imitated by the organism
- Ethical issues
Who came up with Operant Conditioning theory
B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning
Define and provide one example of positive reinforcement
When lab rats press a lever when a green light is on, they receive a food pellet as a reward.
Operant Conditioning
Define and provide one example of negative reinforcement
When lab rats press a lever when a red light is on, they receive an electric shock.
Operant Conditioning
Define and provide one example of presentation punishment:
Presentation punishment is an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behaviour it follows. I.e. Smacking a child
Operant Conditioning
Define and provide one example of removal punishment:
Removal punishment reduces a behaviour or response by taking away a favourable stimulus following that action. I.e. Remove favourite toy for a period of time.
Operant Conditioning
What is positive reinforcement
- Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
- This means that we are more likely to repeat a behaviour that we believe will provide us with a positive outcome.
For example, we are more likely to go to work each day because of the pay check that we receive at the end of the week.
Operant Conditioning
What is negative reinforcement
- Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimuli.
- This means that we are more likely to repeat a behaviour if doing it avoids us from experiencing something unpleasant.
For example, taking pain medication to avoid a headache.
Operant Conditioning
What is punishment
- To decrease the likelihood of an undesirable behaviour occurring again in the future
Presentation Punishment (Punishment)
- Occurs when a response is weakened because it is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus
- Involves handing someone a punishment in anticipation that it will decrease the likelihood of it happening in the future
E.g. a detention, receiving a fine
Operant Conditioning
What is removal punishment (response cost)
- Occurs when a response is weakened because it is followed by the removal of a pleasant stimulus.
- Taking someone away in hopes of reducing the likelihood that they will continue that behaviour in the future
E.g. taking away a phone/iPad from a student who is misbehaving
Operant Conditioning
Classroom applications
- Behaviour management plans
- Detentions/time outs (with caution)
- Merit systems
- Rewards
Operant Conditioning
- Positive reinforcement is designed to ________ the likelihood of a behaviour from happening again in the future
- Negative reinforcement is designed to _______ the likelihood of a behaviour happening again in the future
- Presentation punishment is designed to _______ the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again in the future
- Removal punishment is designed to ________ the likelihood of a behaviour from occurring again in the future
- Negative reinforcement is designed to _______ strengthen behaviour, whereas punishment is designed to _______ behaviour.
- strengthen
- strengthen
- reduce
- weaken
- strengthen, weaken
Applied Behaviour Analysis
ABC
What does each stand for and what do they do/mean?
Antecendent
- Object/event
- What happened just before the behaviour occurred and might have triggered it?
Behaviour
- If something positive happened from the behaviour, they’re more likely to continue that behaviour, vice versa
Consequence
- Consequence of the behaviour
Classical Conditioning theory focuses on the learning of:
Involuntary emotional or physiological responses.
The principle of contiguity learning involves an association between:
Two events through pairing.
