Week 4 - Behavioural views of learning

Question 1

Who created Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Ivan Pavlov

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Define ‘unconditioned stimulus’

Answer 2

One that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Define ‘unconditioned response’

Answer 3

Unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

Define ‘neutral stimulus’

Answer 4

Initially does not evoke a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Define ‘conditioned stimulus’

Answer 5

Substitute stimulus triggers same response in organism as an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Classical Conditioning

Define ‘conditioned response’

Answer 6

Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Question 7

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s experiment (Dog)

UCS
UCR
NS
CS
CR

Answer 7

UCS: Food
UCR: Salivation
NS: Bell

CS: Bell
CR: Salivation

NS becomes CS

Question 8

Classical Conditioning

Apply to classroom setting

Answer 8

• Teaching methods
• Teaching style
• Students’ attitude
• School bell
• Bullying
• Emotional responses

E.g. When teachers clap to get your attention

Question 9

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus Generalisation

Answer 9

When you produce the same response to something similar to the Conditioned Stimulus (e.g. different kinds of bells produce a CR)

Question 10

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 10

Similar stimuli to the CS doesn’t produce the same response (CR). Hence the discrimination.

Question 11

Classical Conditioning

Extinction

Answer 11

Allows the learnt conditioning to be ‘undone’

Question 12

Classical Conditioning

Pros and Cons

Answer 12

Pros

• Positive impact on research methodology
• Principles used by therapists to modify behaviour
  Principles used in schools

Cons

• Not all behaviour fits the model
• Some actions imitated by the organism
• Ethical issues

Question 13

Who came up with Operant Conditioning theory

Answer 13

B.F. Skinner

Question 14

Operant Conditioning

Define and provide one example of positive reinforcement

Answer 14

When lab rats press a lever when a green light is on, they receive a food pellet as a reward.

Question 15

Operant Conditioning

Define and provide one example of negative reinforcement

Answer 15

When lab rats press a lever when a red light is on, they receive an electric shock.

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Define and provide one example of presentation punishment:

Answer 16

Presentation punishment is an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behaviour it follows. I.e. Smacking a child

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Define and provide one example of removal punishment:

Answer 17

Removal punishment reduces a behaviour or response by taking away a favourable stimulus following that action. I.e. Remove favourite toy for a period of time.

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

What is positive reinforcement

Answer 18

• Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
• This means that we are more likely to repeat a behaviour that we believe will provide us with a positive outcome.

For example, we are more likely to go to work each day because of the pay check that we receive at the end of the week.

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

What is negative reinforcement

Answer 19

• Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimuli.
• This means that we are more likely to repeat a behaviour if doing it avoids us from experiencing something unpleasant.

For example, taking pain medication to avoid a headache.

Question 20

Operant Conditioning

What is punishment

Answer 20

• To decrease the likelihood of an undesirable behaviour occurring again in the future

Presentation Punishment (Punishment)

• Occurs when a response is weakened because it is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus
• Involves handing someone a punishment in anticipation that it will decrease the likelihood of it happening in the future

E.g. a detention, receiving a fine

Question 21

Operant Conditioning

What is removal punishment (response cost)

Answer 21

• Occurs when a response is weakened because it is followed by the removal of a pleasant stimulus.
• Taking someone away in hopes of reducing the likelihood that they will continue that behaviour in the future

E.g. taking away a phone/iPad from a student who is misbehaving

Question 22

Operant Conditioning

Classroom applications

Answer 22

• Behaviour management plans
• Detentions/time outs (with caution)
• Merit systems
• Rewards

Question 23

Operant Conditioning

1. Positive reinforcement is designed to ________ the likelihood of a behaviour from happening again in the future
2. Negative reinforcement is designed to _______ the likelihood of a behaviour happening again in the future
3. Presentation punishment is designed to _______ the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again in the future
4. Removal punishment is designed to ________ the likelihood of a behaviour from occurring again in the future
5. Negative reinforcement is designed to _______ strengthen behaviour, whereas punishment is designed to _______ behaviour.

Answer 23

1. strengthen
2. strengthen
3. reduce
4. weaken
5. strengthen, weaken

Question 24

Applied Behaviour Analysis

ABC
What does each stand for and what do they do/mean?

Answer 24

Antecendent

• Object/event
• What happened just before the behaviour occurred and might have triggered it?

Behaviour
- If something positive happened from the behaviour, they’re more likely to continue that behaviour, vice versa

Consequence
- Consequence of the behaviour

Question 25

Classical Conditioning theory focuses on the learning of:

Answer 25

Involuntary emotional or physiological responses.

Question 26

The principle of contiguity learning involves an association between:

Answer 26

Two events through pairing.