Week 11 - Personal development

Question 1

Who coined the Psychological Stages of Development

Answer 1

Erik Erikson

Question 2

How many stages are there in this theory?

Answer 2

8

Question 3

List each stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development
- explanation

_____ vs ______
Important event

Answer 3

1. Infancy
   - Basic trust vs mistrust (Feeding)
2. Toddler
   - Autonomy vs shame and doubt (Toilet training)
3. Preschool-age
   - Initiative vs guilt (Independence)
4. School-age
   - Industry vs inferiority (School)
5. Adolescence
   - Identity vs role confusion (Peer relationships)
6. Young adulthood
   - Intimacy vs isolation (Love relationships)
7. Middle age
   - Generativity vs stagnation (Parenting/mentoring)
8. Older adulthood
   - Ego integrity vs despair (Reflection on and acceptance of one’s life

Question 4

Explain each of Marcia’s concepts

Low/high exploration

Identity achievement

Moratorium

Identity foreclosure

Identity diffusion

Answer 4

Low Exploration of possible new options
- To trying something new

High Exploration of possible new options
- To try something new

Identity achievement refers to having found one’s true sense of self

Moratorium is the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet

Identity foreclosure is the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values or goals for the future

Identity diffusion is the status in which the adolescent does not have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment.

Question 5

Identity statuses James Marcia

Answer 5

He expanded Erikson’s theory by focusing on two essential processes in achieving mature identity: exploration and commitment.

Question 6

Erikson and Freud work explanation

Psychological Stages of Development

Answer 6

The work of Freud and Erikson has helped us to understand the role of others and of experiences in relation to our identity and personality—the particular characteristics such as cognitive ability, emotions, temperament, beliefs, and habits—that together contribute to our individuality or uniqueness

Question 7

Erikson’s stages in more depth (8) ____ vs _____

Answer 7

1. Basic trust vs mistrust
   - The infant must form a first loving, trusting relationship with the caregiver or develops a sense of mistrust.
2. Autonomy vs shame/doubt
   - The child’s energies are directed towards the development of physical skills, including walking, grasping, controlling the sphincter. The child learns control but may develop shame and doubt if not handled well.
3. Initiative vs guilt
   - The child continues to become more assertive and to take more initiative but may be too forceful, which can lead to guilt feelings.
4. Industry vs inferiority
   - The child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence.
5. Identity vs role confusion
   - The teenager must achieve identity in occupation, gender roles, politics, and religion
6. Intimacy vs isolation
   - The young adult must develop intimate relationships or suffer feelings of isolation.
7. Generativity vs stagnation
   - Each adult must find some way to satisfy and support the next generation.
8. Ego integrity vs despair
   - The culmination is a sense of acceptance of oneself and a sense of fulfilment.

Question 8

Marcia’s two essential processes

(Erikson

Answer 8

Exploration and Commitment

Exploration: he process of considering and trying out alternative beliefs, values, and behaviours.

Commitment: An individual’s choice to pursue particular beliefs, values, and behaviours, usually as a consequence of exploring the options.