WEEK 4 - Addiction

Question 1

dependence

Answer 1

psychic drive that requires periodic or continuous administration of the drug to produce pleasure or avoid discomfort

Question 2

addiction

Answer 2

refers to a recurrent pattern of maladaptive behaviour that includes drug seeking very often, despite negative concequence and including relapse

Question 3

10 classes of drugs in the DSM

Answer 3

alcohol
caffeine
cannabis
hallucinogens
inhalants
opiods
sedatives
hypnotics/antiolytics
stimulants
tobacco 
other/unknown substances (eg. synthetic/designer drugs)

Question 4

criteria for mild, moderate, or severe substance use disorder

Answer 4

MILD = 2-3 symptoms
MOD= 4-5 symptoms
SEVERE= 6+

Question 5

substance induced disorders

Answer 5

disorders that develop in people that did not have them before using
eg. intoxication, withdrawal and mental disorders

Question 6

Koob & Le Moal definition of addiction

Answer 6

1. compulsion to seek and take drug
2. loss of control in limiting intake
3. emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented

Question 7

impulse control disorders

Answer 7

characterised by an increasing sense of tension or arousal b4 committing an impulsive act- there is pleasure/relief/gratification at a time & potentially regret after

Question 8

compulsive disorders

Answer 8

characterised by anxiety/stress with recurrent/persistent thoughts/obsessions followed by compulsive repetitive behaviour & relief from the stress through this

Question 9

what changes when someone goes from impulsive to compulsive disorders

Answer 9

goes from positive to negative reinforcement

Question 10

Incentive sensitisation theory

Answer 10

as a drug is administered repetedly, tolerance increases therefore amount of drug needed increases
at the same time wanting increases as it becomes sensitised

Question 11

allostasis & negative reinforcement

Answer 11

initial acute effects of drug are opposed by homeostatic changes in systems over time allostasis occurs in the reward system reducing effect of drug

Question 12

allostasis

Answer 12

process of achieving stability through change

Question 13

addiction as a habit

Answer 13

addiction is a result of complex interaction of physiological effects associated with motivation and emotion combined with learning about the relationship between drug and drug outcome

Question 14

classical conditioning of addiction

Answer 14

pair products with positive emotional reponse- therefore emotional response links with drug cravings

Question 15

learning hypothessis of addiction

Answer 15

postulates that addiction involves a transit from response-outcome to habit like stimulus response behaviour

Question 16

what brain area is learning hypothessis of addiction mediated by

Answer 16

mediated by information transfer from the venteral striatum (Nucleus accumbens) to the dorsal striatum

Question 17

factors contributing to vulnerability to addiction

Answer 17

heterogenous phenotype
personality traits
developmental factors
genetic factors

Question 18

heterogeneous phenotype

Answer 18

absuers represent a heterogenous group- the pattens leading to dependence are diverse

Question 19

personaility traits

Answer 19

disinhibition (behavioural activation), sensation seeking, anxiety, &impulsiveness

Question 20

developmental factors

Answer 20

strong evidence that adolescent exposure to alcohol , tobacco, or drugs leads to significant vulnerability developing problems during adulthood

Question 21

genetic factors

Answer 21

heritability is approx. 40%- due to reduced dopamine receptor availability & impulsivity

Question 22

four stages of substance abuse

Answer 22

1. initiation
2. maintaining
3. ceasing addictive behaviour
4. relapse

Question 23

initiation

Answer 23

many psychological models have explanations eg. fun pleasure, calming or building confidence, or social

Question 24

maintaining

Answer 24

context and socialk norms, genetics etc

Question 25

ceasing addictive behaviour

Answer 25

social cog models look at intentions
TPB- best predictor is intent 2 quit- social norms
many health models explain

Question 26

relapse

Answer 26

normal- rates are high- often due to stress exposure and conditioned cues