Week 4 - Abbreviations, adverse drug reactions Flashcards
Classification of drugs
Chemical composition
Generic (concise name given to chemical compound)
Trade name
Mode of action (name the different types of ways drugs are formulated)
Tablet
Enteric coated: to protect the stomach from the drug, and stomach. To release the drug after the stomach, in the intestines
Sustained released (capsules) allowing small amount of the drug to be delivered into the intestinal lumen over an extended period
Suspension
contain drug particles that are not suspended(dissolved)
- will settle out
Solution
drug completely dissolved in liquid vehicle
- will not settle out
Emulsion
a suspension in which a drug is mixed with a liquid or oil
Syrup
solutions in which a drug is dissolved in sugar suspension
Elixir
solutions in which a drug is dissolved in alcohol
lotions
suspensions or solutions that are dabbed, brushed or dripp
ointment
suspensions or solutions designed to liquefy at body temperature
pastes
semisolides, orally administered keeps semisolid form at body temp
injectables - ampoules, single-does vials, multi-does vials
What is Adverse drug reactions
an unintended or noxious response to a drug that occurs within a reasonable time frame following drug administration
What is a idiosyncratic drug reaction?
unexpected reaction
does not fit into the other categories
occur in small percentages
may be genetic origin
How do we manage ADEs?
lifeline support for anaphylactic reactions use of adrenaline and antihistamines
discontinue therapy or modify drug dosage
use alternative drug
enhance elimination of drug
administration of antidotes or antagonists
manage/minimise organ toxicity
How do we prevent ADEs?
•Record reaction on patient records and cease
administration of drug
•Caution in use of human-label drugs
•Avoid use of polypharmacy and fixed dose
drug combination products
•Set clear therapeutic goals
•Assess benefit / risks of the drug therapy
How do we prevent ADEs?
•Record reaction on patient records and cease
administration of drug
•Caution in use of human-label drugs
•Avoid use of polypharmacy and fixed dose
drug combination products
•Set clear therapeutic goals
•Assess benefit / risks of the drug therapy
what are additive effects?
When two or more drugs with similar
pharmacodynamic effects are given, the
additive effects may result in excessive
response and toxicity
What is an antagonistic effect ?
Drugs with opposing pharmacodynamic effects
may reduce the response to one or both drugs
•drugs that tend to increase blood pressure
may inhibit the antihypertensive effect of
drugs such as ACE inhibitors
What is synergism or potentiation?
“the pharmacologic effect of the interaction
exceeds additive effects that might be
predicted from concurrent administration”
(Adams)
•One drug enhances the effect of the other
•Often used to advantage in antimicrobial
therapy
What is therapeutic index?
Low therapeutic index
LD50
ED50
•Ratio between the toxic dose and the
therapeutic dose of a drug
•Used to measure the relative safety of drugs
•Low therapeutic index may cause toxic results
with small changes (eg warfarin, digoxin)
•LD50 is the dose of drug that kills 50% of the
animals tested (LD = Lethal dose)
•ED50 is the minimum dose of drug required to
cause the desired effect in 50% of the animals
tested (ED = effective dose)
What schedule drug is a restricted drug and controlled drug
Restricted is listed as a schedule 4
Controlled = schedule 8
What are the schedules to the following signal words? Pharmacy medicine Pharmacist only medicine Prescription only medicine Prescription animal remedy Caution poison Dangerous poison controlled drug Prohibited substance
Pharmacy medicine - 2 e.g. paracetamol
Pharmacist only medicine - 3 e.g. antifungal creams, weak cortisol creams
Prescription only medicine - 4 - antibiotics, corticosteroids
Prescription animal remedy - 4
Caution - 5 - flea and tick
poison - 6 -
Dangerous poison - 7 paraquat, cyanide
controlled drug - 8 - morphine, fentanyl
Prohibited substance -9 - heroin, etorphine
What factors for you think are important in terms of OH&S in a pharmacy?
Appropriate Storage of Drugs and Products Cytotoxic Drugs (chemo) Sharps Lifting Heavy Stock Chemical Spills
