Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS3 BAMS Anatomy > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anterior cerebral artery a branch of

A

Branch of the internal carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

most of the medial surfaces of the cerebral cortex, the frontal pole and the anterior portions of the corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the middle cerebral artery

A

○ Large terminal branch of internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the middle cerebral artery run

A

deep part of the lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

a portion of the cerebral cortex and the superior & parietal lobules as well as the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is middle cerebral artery a cause of stroke

A

when this artery gets blocked and the power for the head and neck and the upper limn of the opposite side of the body would be effected but the lower limbs are provided by the anterior cerebral artery so should not be effected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If middle cerebral artery is blocked what can it result in

A

○ The motor speech area lies in the left middle cerebral artery territory and so a middle cerebral artery lesion may effect motor speech area so this may be effected
○ The auditory cortex may also be effected but hopefully the other side can maintain hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the posterior cerebral artery a branch of

A

○ Branches from the anterior end of the basilar artery

○ It gives off several branches including temporal, occipital and others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

○ It supplies the temporal and occipital cerebral cortex

If this artery got blocked then the visual cortex would be effecte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is diploe

A

○ This is the red bone marrow that sits between the outer table and the inner table of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the olfactory nerve originate from

A

from the olfactory mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity
many small nerve fascicles travel up through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the surface of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the info from the olfactory surface neuron reach the brain

A

○ The information from the olfactory surface neurons travel through the holes of the cribriform plate to reach the inferior surface of the olfactory bulbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the olfactory tracts

A

○ Olfactory tracts are narrow white bands that connect the olfactory bulbs to the cerebrum - they lie in the olfactory sulcus on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the anterior clinoid process

A

○ The lesser wings of the sphenoid bones are triangular and pointed plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What attaches to the anterior clinoid process

A

○ The free border of the tentorium cerebelli is attached to the anterior clinoid processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the course of the optic nerve

A

○ Optic nerve is an outgrowth of the brain
○ It travels medially and back to exit the orbital cavity where it passes through the orbital canal to reach the optic chiasm (circled) in the cranial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the pituitary stalk

A

○ It is called the infundibulum

○ It is a narrow, hollow stalk that connects the pituitary gland (hypophysis) to the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the pituitary stalk seen

A

It extends between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasma to the posterior lobe of the gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the internal carotid artery seen

A

○ Next to pituitary stalk

○ Sometimes an abnormal swelling of the artery (aneurysm) might press on the optic chiasm causing visual disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the course of the oculomotor nerve

A

○ It is passing deep the dura and is out of view

○ It leaves the cranial cavity via the superior orbital fissure to reach the orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the trochlear nerve seen

A

○ Smaller and lateral to the oculomotor nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the trochlear nerve supply

A

superior oblique muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the course of the trochlear nerve

A

It goes through a little opening where it goes through the dura and runs to the superior orbital fissure to reach the muscles in the orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the trigeminal nerve seen

A

○ Can see it coming up from the pons and it invaginates the dura and enters a cave which is called the trigeminal caves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the trigeminal ganglion

A

is a flat lacy structure and from it branches come off

26
Q

What are the 3 trigeminal bra ches

A

§ Ophthalmic division exits via the superior orbital fissure
§ Maxillary division through foramen rotundum
§ Mandibular division through foramen ovale

27
Q

What does the ganglion contain

A

the sensory neurons of the trigeminal nerves

28
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia

A

§ Common
§ Presents as an extreme sharp pain in one of the sensory areas of the trigeminal nerve, often in the maxillary division
§ Treated medically with carbamazepine

29
Q

What is the course of the abducens

A

○ At the tip of the petrous part of the temporal bone it makes a sharp turn forward to enter the cavernous sinus
○ It leaves via the superior orbital fissure
It travels a long way in the dura before leaving the bone

30
Q

What are the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve course

A

○ Passageway they go into is the internal acoustic meatus - a bony opening on the way towards the area where the inner ear is inside the petrous temporal bone
○ The 7th nerve runs close to the middle ear and exits the base of the skull to supply the muscles of facial expression
○ The 8th nerve goes to the middle ear

31
Q

What is the course of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerve

A

○ Glossopharyngeal nerve is a small nerve
○ Lateral to it is the Vagus which is a large nerve
○ Accessory nerve comes from the upper cervical spinal cord which is the spinal root of the accessory - it supplies the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius and it runs up to join the others
They all leave the skull along with venous blood through the jugular foramen

32
Q

What is the vertebral and basilar artery

A

○ The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery
○ The vertebral arteries pierce the dura to come into the spinal canal and make its way through the foramen magnum alongside the medulla then when it gets to the pons it joins together to form the basilar artery

33
Q

What is the course of the hypoglossal nerve

A

○ Is in front of the foramen magnum
○ Supplies the muscle of the tongue
○ Goes through the hypoglossal canal which takes it from the skull to the tongue

34
Q

What is the dura mater

A

○ The cranial dura mater is the tough outermost layer of meninges the brain
○ It is split into 2 layers - the outer layer which adheres to the inner surface of the skull and is known as the periosteal layer and the inner layer is reflected as sheet like protrusions into the cranial cavity which is known as the meningeal layer

35
Q

What are the dural reflections

A

Falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli

36
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses

A

○ Dural venous sinuses form at the dural reflections and drain blood and CSF from the brain into the internal jugular vein

37
Q

What is the falx cerebri

A

○ Sickle shaped fold of dura that lies along the median sagittal plane in the longitudinal cerebral fissure between the cerebral hemispheres above the corpus callosum

38
Q

What is the falx cerebri attached to

A

○ Anteriorly it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone
○ At its posterior and inferior limit, the falx cerebri is continuous with the tentorium cerebelli - confluence of sinuses

39
Q

What is the superior sagittal sinus

A

○ The superior sagittal sinus is situated in the attached margin of the falx cerebri
○ Small at its origin near the crista galli of the ethmoid bone, the sinus enlarges as it passes posteriorly
○ At its termination in the region of the internal occipital protuberance, the superior sagittal sinus becomes dilated to form the confluence of sinuses
○ It drains the superior cerebral veins and these veins pass into the sinus at an oblique angle

40
Q

What is the superior cerebral vein

A

○ The superior cerebral veins drain the brain

41
Q

What is the arachnoid mater

A

○ Cranial arachnoid mater is the middle layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain
○ It is a thin transparent membrane which is continuous inferiorly with the spinal arachnoid mater
○ It is closely applied to the deep aspect of the dura mater, being separated by the potential subdural space

42
Q

What is the subarachnoid space

A

○ Space between arachnoid mater and dura mater

○ Contains CSF

43
Q

What is CSF

A

§ Produced by 4 ventricles
§ The csf passes through foramina of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
§ It acts as a cushion for the brain in the event of trauma

44
Q

Why is arachnoid mater called arachnoid mater

A

○ The arachnoid mater gives cobweb like strands that run across the space and it provides connections between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

45
Q

What is the arachnoid villi

A

Protrusions of arachnoid mater into the dura mater which may protrude into the sinuses. can appear as granulations on the dura mater

Up at the sinuses e.g superior sagittal sinus, there are little projections of arachnoid through the wall of the sinus that absorb the CSF in what are called arachnoid villi
○ The CSF gets absorbed into the bloodstream is by arachnoid villi

46
Q

What is pia mater

A

○ Inner most layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain

○ It is a thin transparent membrane that closely adheres to the brain

47
Q

What are the 3 types of extra cerebral haemorrhage

A

extra dural
sub dural
sub arachnoid

48
Q

What is an extra dural hemorrhage

A

§ Caused by the middle meningeal artery
§ The middle meningeal vessels run between the dura and the bone to supply the vault and the meninges
§ A fracture at the pterion where the bone is thin and the artery runs in a groove is likely to make that artery burst
§ Blood gathers between the dura and bone and enlarges and a blood clot starts to form
§ These press on the underlying brain
§ It happens over a few hours as the blood clot enlarges and the conscious levels start to deteriorate and more clinical signs become apparent

49
Q

What is a sub dural hemorrhage

A

§ Involves the cerebral veins
§ More common in the elderly population as the tissues aren’t as resilient as before
§ The person hits their head but not very hard but enough to move the brain
§ The cerebral vein comes from the brain and joins the superior sagittal sinus where it enters the dura - this soft vein is attached to firm dura
§ When they get hit and the brain moves, it may pull the vein away from the dura tearing it and blood builds up between the arachnoid and the dura
§ The blood oozes out slowly and the blood clot enlarges and because its venous blood it doesn’t come out quickly but instead over a few weeks or days
The conscious level starts to deteriorate over weeks

50
Q

What is the sub arachnoid hemorrhage

A

§ Caused by cerebral arteries
§ May get a berry aneurysm (pathological swelling on the arteries) and these tend to appear at the base of the brain where the major blood vessels meet also known as the circle of Willis
§ The aneurysm can suddenly burst and give out blood resulting in a sub arachnoid haemorrhage
§ Can be trauma precipitated or spontaneous
§ Can result in a sudden loss of consciousness and a severe headache
§ Blood stained csf is seen
§ Sometimes it is a pathological process seen in the middle age due to a localised weakness of artery

51
Q

What is the superior sagittal sinus

A

○ Runs along the median sagittal plane of the calvaria
○ Situated in the attached margin of the falx cerebri
○ It is small at its origin near the crista galli of the ethmoid bone but it enlarges as it passes posteriorly
○ At its termination in the region of the internal occipital protuberance, the superior sagittal sinus becomes dilated to form the confluence of sinuses
○ It drains the cerebral veins
○ When the superior sagittal sinus gets to the tentorium, the blood swings to the right and becomes the transverse sinus and it runs where the tentorium meets the side wall

52
Q

What is the transverse sinus

A

○ Begins at the confluence of sinuses
○ The right sinus is a continuation of the superior sagittal sinus
○ The left sinus is a continuation of the straight sinus
○ The transverse sinus passes laterally across the occipital bone in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli
○ It drains into the sigmoid sinus

53
Q

What is the sigmoid sinus

A

○ Main site of drainage or dural venous sinus system
○ Sinus runs from the transverse sinus into the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen
○ It has an S shaped course grooving the temporal and occipital bones
○ The 9th, 10th nad 11th cranial nerves also leave with it

54
Q

What is the straight sinus

A

○ Runs in the place where the falx meets the tentorium and it swings to the left to become the transverse sinus
○ It is formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein
○ The straight sinus passe downwards and backwards to enter the confluence of sinuses and usually continues transverse sinus

55
Q

What is the superior petrosal sinus

A

§ Situated in the anterior part of the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli
Passes backwards and outwards from the cavernous sinus to the transverse sinus at the junction with the sigmoid sinus

56
Q

What is the inferior petrosal sinus

A

It passes from the posterio-inferior side of the cavernous sinus to terminate at the jugular foramen in the internal jugular vein

57
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus sit

A

Lies adjacent to body of the sphenoid bone
Each cavernous sinus is located on each side of the sella turcica and the layer extending from the free border of the tentorium

58
Q

What is the cavernous sinus

A

○ Crossed by many trabeculae

○ The ophthalmic veins are tributaries of the cavernous sinus

59
Q

What links the cavernous sinus and the mouth

A

○ Emissary veins link the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid venous plexuses in the infratemporal fossa

60
Q

How does the superior orbital fissure relate to the cavernous sinus

A

○ The superior orbital fissure is the communication between the cavernous sinus and the apex of the orbit

61
Q

What’s the thrombosis of the cavernous sinus

A

§ Can happen if there is an infection of the face, the bacteria can travel into the venous blood of the orbit into the ophthalmic veins and go into the cavernous sinus where it is not one big lumne but little passageways of blood
§ The flow is quite slow and so the bacteria can multiply and a clot can form resulting in a blockage
§ The blockage prevents flow of blood from the orbit causing the eye to swell
§ The bacteria produce toxins resulting in a fever
§ If a patient has an abscess, the bacteria can also reach the cavernous sinus as it can get into the venous blood of the pterygoid venous plexus and that connects through the little sphenoidal emissary vein into the cavernous sinus and the same thing can happen

BDS3 BAMS Anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions