Week 10

Question 1

What is the hard palate

Answer 1

skeletal palate covered by the mucous membrane

Question 2

What is the skeletal palate cold

Answer 2

bony palate

Question 3

What is the pharynx

Answer 3

The pharynx is a passageway that conducts air and food

Question 4

What is the boundaries of the nasopharynx

Answer 4

○ Extends from the back edge of the nasal septum to the edge of the soft palate where it becomes the oropharynx

Question 5

What is seen in the nasopharynx

Answer 5

auditory tube

pharyngeal recess

Question 6

What is the auditory tube

Answer 6

§ It is a passageway that allows air to enter the middle ear so it connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear

Question 7

Why does the middle ear require new air

Answer 7

The middle ear is air filled and lined by respiratory epithelium and overtime the air gets absorbed by the lining and needs to be replaced and the auditory tube allows new air in

Question 8

What is the auditory tube surrounded by in the nasopharynx

Answer 8

a raised area called the tubal elevation
the auditory tube is made of bone and the part at the nasopharynx side is made of cartilage so the elevation is caused by the cartilage underlying the mucosa that forms the medial end of the tube
Tubal elevation is rich in tonsilar tissue and are called the tubal tonsils

Question 9

What is the pharyngeal recess

Answer 9

§ This is a deep pocket of mucosa going behind the auditory tube

Question 10

Why is the pharyngeal recess clinically important

Answer 10

as some patients get malignancy of the nasopharynx and malignant change in the dep recess can make it difficult to find

Question 11

Why is the pharyngeal recess risky

Answer 11

§ If they would take a biopsy to examine, have to be careful because it’s a deep pocket and lateral to the pocket (out from the pharynx wall) is the internal carotid artery as it approaches the skull

Question 12

What is the boundaries of the oropharynx and the oral cavity

Answer 12

the palatoglossus muscle raises a distinct fold of mucosa which is the boundary between the oral cavity and the oropharynx.

Question 13

What is the function of the palatopharyngeal muscle

Answer 13

helps bring the soft palate against the back wall of the pharynx to stop fluid going into the nose creating a seal and it also creates a fold

Question 14

What is seen in the area between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds

Answer 14

○ The area between the two olds is where the palatine tonsils sit and these are a large mass of tonsil tissue and they are very well developed in young kids and it sits in the tonsillar fossa which is the recess between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal fold

Question 15

What is the valeculla

Answer 15

deep recess between the tongue and the epiglottis

Question 16

What is the epiglottis

Answer 16

epiglottis is a leaf shaped bit of elastic cartilage covered by mucosa and the tip of it is the boundary between the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx

Question 17

Food passes through the arches formed by the two palatoglossal folds - what is this called

Answer 17

the isthmus of the fauces

Question 18

Where is the laryngopharynx

Answer 18

○ Past the epiglottal tip is the laryngopharynx

○ It goes as far down as the place where the larynx becomes the pharynx (cricoid cartilage)

Question 19

Where is the piriform recess seen

Answer 19

Just below and lateral to the inlet of the larynx in the side wall is a pear shaped recess called the piriform fossa

where fish bones get stuck

Question 20

Why is piriform fossa more likely to get fish bones stuck there

Answer 20

§ This is because when you swallow, the tongue moves the bolus back (styloglossus) and the bolus pushes the epiglottis to cover the inlet to the larynx food and food slides over the epiglottis and it tends to make food go down the sides which is where the bones can get stuck
It can also get stuck in the vallecula

Question 21

What is waldeyers ring made up of

Answer 21

pharyngeal tonsils
lingual tonsils
palatine tonsils
tubal tonsils

Question 22

What are the pharyngeal tonsils

Answer 22

□ Known as adenoids

found in nasopharynx

Question 23

What is the function of the adenoids

Answer 23

□ There is rich tonsillar tissue beneath the mucosa of the pharynx to protect the airway so if organisms land on this then an immune response can be initiated and activated lymphocytes can go into circulation in preparation for if the foreign organism enters the lungs

Question 24

What are the lingual tonsils

Answer 24

□ On the posterior third of the tongue there is lymphoid tissue called the lingual tonsils

Question 25

What are the palatine tonsils

Answer 25

□ Located in the tonsillar bed of the lateral oropharynx wall between the palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch

Question 26

What are the tubal tonsils

Answer 26

□ Surround the auditory tube

Question 27

What is waldezyers ring supplied by

Answer 27

○ Supplied by branch of facial artery - tonsillar artery

Question 28

What do the inter arytenoid muscle do

Answer 28

• Inter-arytenoid muscle adducts the vocal folds and it pulls the arytenoid cartilage togethers and the vocal folds are attached to the front of these cartilages so they are pulled together

Question 29

When the folds abduct what muscle is involved

Answer 29

it is the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle that contracts and that pulls on the side of the arytenoid cartilage and that pulls them apart

Question 30

What is the function of the inlet of the pharynx

Answer 30

• Inlet of the larynx is a sphincter mechanism to the airway

Question 31

Where is the laryngeal vestibule

Answer 31

• Part inside laryngeal inlet is laryngeal vestibule

Question 32

What happens to the vocal folds when you swallow

Answer 32

• When you swallow, part of larynx above the vocal folds closes and bolus hits the top of the epiglottis which pushes epiglottis down covering inlet to larynx as well

Question 33

What is above the vocal folds

Answer 33

estibular folds - a fold in respiratory epithelium (false vocal cords)

Question 34

What do vocal folds attach to

Answer 34

the inside of thyroid cartilage anteriorly at laryngeal prominence and to the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly

Question 35

How is sound made

Answer 35

When you are speaking there is air that comes out of the airway and there is a controlled expiration and the air passing the vocal folds makes them vibrate which produces the sounds (the vowels)

Question 36

Why are vocal folds made of different epithelium

Answer 36

• Friction of the air means that the vocal folds are covered by stratified squamous epithelium but rest is respiratory epithelium as it is part of the airway