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BDS3 BAMS Anatomy > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the norma verticalis

A

viewed from above and we can see the roof of the cranial cavity

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2
Q

What is the other name for the norma verticalis

A

sometimes referred to as the calvaria of the skull

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3
Q

What bones make up the norma verticalis

A

frontal
parietal
occipital

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4
Q

Describe the frontal bone in a child

A

until about the age of 3 years, the frontal bone is made up of 2 halves but the two sides usually fuse together

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5
Q

What is the suture called that brings the two frontal bones together

A

metopic suture

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6
Q

What does the frontal bone overlie

A

the frontal lobe

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7
Q

What are sutures

A

fibrous joints

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8
Q

How do the bones of the vault of the skull form

A

via intramembranous ossification

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9
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A

this is when a membrane forms in the embryo from ectomesenchyme and the mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down the bone and there is no cartilage precursor

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10
Q

What is the anterior opening seen in children called

A

anterior fontanelle

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11
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close up

A

18 months - 2 years

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12
Q

What meets at the anterior fontanelle

A

the metopic suture, the sagittal suture and the coronal suture meet and it appears as a diamond opening

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13
Q

What happens to sutures as we age

A

As we get older the sutures tend to become ossified
In general, a young person tends to have open sutures with fibrous tissue still there but with older people the fibrous tissue may be replaced by bone

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14
Q

What important landmark can be seen in the parietal bones

A

parietal foramen

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15
Q

What is the parietal foramen for

A

carries a little vein between the veins of the skull and the venous channels inside the head which allows for venous communication between the inside and outside of the cranial cavity

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16
Q

What are the 3 sutures called

A

coronal
saggital
lambdoid

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17
Q

What is commonly seen in the lambdoid suture

A

sutural/wormian bones

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18
Q

What are wormian bones

A

little islets of bones in the suture

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19
Q

What are the 2 reasons sutures are important

A

for fetal development

for birth

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20
Q

Why are sutures important for fetal development

A

§ Skull bones are going and new bone needs to be laid down from the outside and preserved from the inside
Bone is added at the sutures

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21
Q

Why are sutures important in birth

A

§ Bones are thin and the sutures allow movement of the bones

Allows babies head to pass down the canal easier

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22
Q

What is the external occipital protuberance

A

it is found on the external surface of the squama of the occipital bone. It is subcutaneous and therefore is an easily palpable landmark

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23
Q

What is the superior and inferior nuchal line

A

found on the external surface of the squama of the occipital bone. These act as an attachment point for the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles

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24
Q

What are the bones of the norma lateralis

A 
frontal 
occipital 
temporal
parietal
sphenoid
zygomatic
mandible
maxilla
nasal
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25
What does the frontal bone contribute to in the norma laterals
forehead and orbital roof
26
Where is the glabella found
on the external surface of the frontal bone between the super ciliary arches and is a smooth raised elevation
27
How is the glabella different between the sexes
The prominence of the superciliary arches and the adjoining glabella is greater in males and is usually dependent on the size of the frontal sinuses
28
Describe the occipital bone
It has a squamous part which is situated above and behind the foramen magnum
29
Where does the temporal bone meet the zygomatic bone
the zygomatic process meets it | a suture is present where they meet - zygomatic temporal suture
30
What are the parts of the temporal bone
petrous, mastoid, squamous, tympanic
31
Describe the mastoid part of the temporal bone
It is the posterior region of the temporal bone | lies below the squamous part and behind the tympanic part
32
Describe the petrous part of the temporal bone
is in the base of the skull and where this joins to the mastoid part it is called the petromastoid part of the temporal bone
33
Describe the squamous part of the temporal bone
thin and translucent forms the anterior and upper part of the bone the outer part of the squama provides attachment for the temporals muscle
34
Describe the tympanic part of the temporal bone
the tympanic part of the temporal bone is a semicircular plate of bone that forms the anterior/inferior and posterior boundaries of the bony part of the acoustic meatutus
35
What are other significant landmarks on the temporal bone
styloid process | mastoid process
36
What is the mastoid process
is comprises most of the mastoid part it is a large conical projection located immediately behind the external acoustic meatus known to be larger in males
37
What does the mastoid process provide attachment for
sternocleidomastoid splenius capitis longissimus capitis muscle
38
What is the styloid process
elongated narrow projection of bone | lies between the tympanic part and the posterior border of the jugular foramen
39
What are the bones of the norma lateralis
``` frontal occipital temporal parietal sphenoid zygomatic mandible maxilla nasal ```
40
What is the pterion
H shaped made up of the sphenoid, the parietal, the frontal and temporal bone thin area of bone
41
What is dangerous about the pterion
it is close to the middle meningeal artery | a breakage of the pterion can result in an extra dural hemorrhage
42
What are the temporal lines
superior and inferior
43
What is the inferior temporal line for
temporalis muscle attaches to the bone here in the temporal fossa
44
What is the superior temporal line for
where the dense fascia covering the temporalis muscle attaches
45
What bones can be seen in the norma frontalis
``` frontal bone anterior bony aperture of the nose orbits maxilla nasal bones zygomatic bones mandible ```
46
Describe the maxilla
2 bones | can see a suture at the midline
47
What does the maxilla contribute to
contributes to the anterior nasal aperture | contributes to the lower part and slightly medial part of the orbital margin and extends back to the orbital floor
48
What do the right and left nasal bones form
the bridge of the nose
49
Why are the nasal bones often broken
they are very thin
50
What do the zygomatic bones form
the bony prominence of the superolateral parts of the cheeks
51
What do the zygomatic bones contribute to
Also forms lateral wall of orbit
52
How is the zygomatic bone joined to other bones
§ Joined to frontal bone and maxilla by sutures and can feel them if you palpate it yourself
53
Describe the mandible
ingle bone | § Fibrous joint at midline but ossifies at time of birth to give a single bone
54
What is bregma
the point of intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures and this was the location of the anterior fontanelle
55
What is the supra orbital notch
sometimes a foramen | allows the supra orbital nerve to come out onto the forehead and supply it
56
How is the supra orbital nerve used to test patient consciousness
○ If a patient is unconscious this nerve can be tested for pain without causing damage - a deeply unconscious patient wont respond to it
57
What does the infra orbital foramen carry
infra orbita nere
58
What does the mental foramen carry
it allows the inferior alveolar nerve to run onto the mandible on its medial side and the nerve runs into bone and gives off the mental nerve as a branch just below the premolar teeth and it provides sensation the chin, lower lip and gingiva
59
What is the zygomatic buttress
zygomatic process of the maxilla and it is an important landmark in radiology
60
What is C1 called
the atlas
61
What is C2 called
the axis
62
What makes up a typical cervical vertebrae
``` (from anterior to posterior) body anterior/posterior tubercle with foramen transversarium in between pedicle superior anterior facet interior articular process vertebral foramen lamina spine ```
63
What is the vertebral foramen for
where inside you would find the cervical spinal cord surrounded by meninges and between the bone and meninges you would see fat and the venous plexus - all of the foramina make up the spinal canal
64
what is the vertebral arch made up of
the pedicle
65
What is a typical cervical vertebra spine
the spinous process splits into two in what is described as bifid
66
What does the foramen transverarium carry
it carries the vertebral artery from C1 to C6. C7 has a hole but doesn’t carry the artery
67
What is one bone joined to another by
by a disc made largely of fibrocartilage and is classed as a secondary cartilaginous joint The vertebrae are also joint by facet joints
68
What are the facets covered in to allow for the joints
cartilage
69
How do spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal
by passing over the bone and over the pedicle
70
What makes the atlas irregular
○ It doesn’t have a vertebral body and there is no spinous process, we just see the posterior arch of the atlas
71
Describe the facets of the atlas
The upper surface of the atlas has kidney shaped facets, rather concave to articulate and to deal with the occipital condyles of the skull and the atlas as this is responsible for the nodding movement, flexion and extension
72
What is the joint where the atlas meets the skull called
○ This joint is the atlanto-occipital joint
73
What is different about the transverse process of the atlas
much wider than other vertebrae and it can be felt between the mastoid process and behind the ear and angle of the mandible
74
Describe the anterior arch of the atlas
contains a facet for articulation with the dens of the axis and it is secured by the transverse ligament of the atlas which attaches to the lateral masses
75
Describe the posterior arch of the atlas
has a groove for the vertebral artery and C1 spinal nerve
76
Describe the atlas
○ Bony segment called the odontoid process (the dens) which extends superiorly from the anterior portion of the vertebrae also contains superior articular facets which articulate with the inferior articular facets of the atlas to form the two lateral joints
77
How does the axis articular with the atlas
○ The dens articulated with the anterior arch of the atlas and in doing so creates a joint which allows for rotation of the head
78
What makes C7 atypical
○ Has a very obvious spinous process which is much larger than the others and not bifid and it resembles the thoracicc type ○ Vertebral artery does not go through it

BDS3 BAMS Anatomy (12 decks)

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