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Anatomy 2 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The thorax is the ____ part of the trunk and is located between the ___ and the ___

A

The thorax is the upper part of the trunk and is located between the neck and the abdomen

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2
Q

What is included in the thoracic cage?

A

– 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
– 12 pairs of ribs and their costal cartilages
– Sternum

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3
Q

The inferior angle of the ____ aligns with the 7th rib posteriorly

A

The inferior angle of the scapula aligns with the 7th rib posteriorly

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4
Q

The top 7 ribs are called the ___ ribs or the ___ ribs

A

The top 7 ribs are called the true ribs or the vertebral-sternal ribs

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5
Q

Why are the top 7 ribs called the vertebral-sternal ribs?

A

Because they attach from the vertebra individually to the sternum via costal cartilage

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6
Q

Ribs 8-12 are called ____ ribs

A

Ribs 8-12 are called false ribs

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7
Q

Ribs 8-10 are called ____ ribs, because they attach ___

A

Ribs 8-10 are called Vertebral costal ribs, because they attach from the vertebra to the costal cartilage of the 7th rib

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8
Q

The last 2 ribs are called ___ and they ____ articulate with the sternum

A

The last 2 ribs are called vertebral/floating ribs and they do not articulate with the sternum

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9
Q

What is the unique feature of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

– Facets on their bodies for articulation of the heads of the ribs
– Facets on their transverse processes for articulation with the rib tubercle

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10
Q

The facets/demi-facets of the thoracic vertebrae allow for ____ joints between the head of the ribs , the demi-facets of the body and synovial joints for the _____ of the tubercles of the ribs

A

The facets/demi-facets of the thoracic vertebrae allow for synovial joints between the head of the ribs , the demi-facets of the body and synovial joints for the transverse processes of the tubercles of the ribs

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11
Q

The joint between the superior and inferior demi facet is called the ___

A

The joint between the superior and inferior demi facet is called the costovertebral joint

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12
Q

The ____ ligament connects the head of the rib to the demi-facets of the superior and inferior vertebra and the head to the IVD

A

The Radiate ligament of head of rib connects the head of the rib to the demi-facets of the superior and inferior vertebra and the head to the IVD

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13
Q

The intra-articular ligament is between the ____ and the ___

A

The intra-articular ligament is between the head of the rib and the IVD

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14
Q

How may joints are at each vertebral levels?

A

6

  • 2 facet joints
  • 2 costo-transverse joint
  • 2 costo-vertebral joints
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15
Q

Where are the facet joints?

A

Between the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebra

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16
Q

The ____ joints are on each side of the vertebra for the rib

A

The costo-transeverse joints are on each side of the vertebra for the rib

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17
Q

The costovertebral joints are the junctions between the ___ and the ___

A

The costovertebral joints are the junctions between the head of the ribs and the vertebral bodies

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18
Q

The ratio of the disc to body height in the thoracic spine is…?

A

The ratio of the disc to body height in the thoracic spine is 1 cm thick : 5cm thick

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19
Q

The ratio of the disc to body height in the cervical spine is…?

A

The ratio of the disc to body height in the cervical spine is 2cm thick :5cm thick

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20
Q

The ratio of the disc to body height in the lumbar spine is…?

A

The ratio of the disc to body height in the lumbar spine is 1cm thick :3cm thick

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21
Q

The ___ is stronger in the thoracic spine and it helps it resist rotational stress

A

The annulus is stronger in the thoracic spine and it helps it resist rotational stress

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22
Q

The facet joint in the thoracic spine are arranged to allow ___ and ___

A

The facet joint in the thoracic spine are arranged to allow flexion(up sloping) and extension(down sloping)

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23
Q

The thoracic spine has more ligaments that provide ___ and ____ than in other areas of the spine

A

The thoracic spine has more ligaments that provide support and mechano-reception than in other areas of the spine

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24
Q

The costo-transverse ligament goes from the ___ to the ___

A

The costo-transverse ligament goes from the neck of the rib to the transverse process

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25
Q

The lateral costo-transverse ligament goes from the ___ to the ____

A

The lateral costo-transverse ligament goes from the rib to the transverse process

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26
Q

The ligament running from the rib to the transverse process above is called the ____

A

The ligament running from the rib to the transverse process above is called the superior costo-transverse ligament

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27
Q

The intertransverse ligament run from ___ to ____

A

The intertransverse ligament run from transverse process to transverse process

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28
Q

The interarticular ligament is between the ___ and ___

A

The interarticular ligament is between the head of the rib and the IVD

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29
Q

The costo-transverse joints are more ___ than ___ superiorly

A

The costotransverse joints are more convex than concave superiorly

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30
Q

The convexity of the costo-transverse joints allow for the upper ribs to __ and __(rotation) rather than ___ and ___(elevation/depression) like they do in the lower half

A

The convexity of the costo-transverse joints allow for the upper ribs to *roll and spin (rotation) rather than slide and glide(elevation/depression) * like they do in the lower half

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31
Q

The lower costotransverse joints are more ___ allowing for the ___ movement of the lower ribs

A

The lower costotransverse joints are more planar allowing for the bucket handle movement movement of the lower ribs

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32
Q

What are the parts of a typical rib?

A
  • Head with two articular facets
  • Neck
  • Tubercle
  • Body or shaft
  • Angle
  • Costal groove
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33
Q

The structures that live between the angles of the ribs are innervated by the ___

A

The structures that live between the angles of the ribs are innervated by the posterior primary rami of the spinal nerves

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34
Q

Anything lateral to the angles of the ribs is supplied by the ___

A

Anything lateral to the angles of the ribs is supplied by the ventral primary rami

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35
Q

The inter-costal nerves, arteries, and veins travels along the ___

A

The inter-costal nerves, arteries, and veins travels along the costal groove

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36
Q

The costvertebral joint is the articulation of the ____ with the ___ part of the body of the corresponding thoracic vertebra, the ___ part of the body of the vertebra above and the intervertebral disc

A

The costvertebral joint is the articulation of the head of the rib with the superior part of the body of the corresponding thoracic vertebra, the inferior part of the body of the
vertebra above and the intervertebral disc

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37
Q

The costovertebral joint is a ___joint, because they allow gliding, but the shape of the upper costovertebral joint allow a little bit of sliding movements to occur

A

The costovertebral joint is a synovial plane joint, because they allow gliding, but the shape of the upper costovertebral joint allow a little bit of sliding movements to occur

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38
Q

____ ligament supports the costovertebral joint

A

Radiate ligament supports the costovertebral joint

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39
Q

What is the radiate ligament?

A

A thickening of the anterior capsule surrounding the head of the rib and the two bodies of the vertebrae

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40
Q

The costotransverse joint is the articulation of the ___ of the rib with the associated
____

A

The costotransverse joint is the articulation of the tubercle of the rib with the associated
transverse process

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41
Q

The costotransverse joint is a ___ plane joint

A

The costotransverse joint is a synovial plane joint

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42
Q

The costotransverse joint is supported both superiorly and laterally by the ___ and ____ ligaments

A

The costotransverse joint is supported both superiorly and laterally by the superior and
lateral costotransverse ligaments

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43
Q

The costochondral joint is the articulation of the ___ with the ___

A

The costochondral joint is the articulation of the sternal end of the ribs with the costal cartilage

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44
Q

The costochondral joint is a ___ joint

A

The costochondral joint is a primary cartilaginous joint

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45
Q

The sternocostal joints is the articulation of the ____ with the ___ and ___

A

The sternocostal joints is the articulation of the costal cartilages with the manubrium and sternum

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46
Q

The costochondral joints can be sites of sprains or irritation and can set up an inflammatory process called ___

A

The costochondral joints can be sites of sprains or irritation and can set up an inflammatory process called costrochondritis

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47
Q

The 1st rib is a ____ joint

A

The 1st rib is a primary cartilaginous joint

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48
Q

The 2nd to 7th ribs are a ___ joints

A

The 2nd to 7th ribs are a synovial plane joints

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49
Q

The sternocostal joints are supported by ___ and ____ ligaments.

A

The sternocostal joints are supported by *anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments. *

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50
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid
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51
Q

Inspiration requires that the volume of the thoracic cage be ___

A

Inspiration requires that the volume of the thoracic cage be increased

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52
Q

How does inspiration volume increase vertically?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm causing a lowering of the diaphragm

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53
Q

How does inspiration volume increase transversely?

A

Bucket handle movement of the ribs, primarily by ribs 8-10

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54
Q

How does inspiration volume increase anteriorly/posteriorly?

A

Pump handle movement of the ribs, primarily by ribs 1-7

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55
Q

What are the characteristics of the external intercostal muscles?

A
  • 11 pairs
  • They run obliquely from the rib above to the rib below
  • They run in anterior inferior direction
  • As they reach the costal cartilages they become the external intercostal
    membrane
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56
Q

The ____ is the lining and protector of the intercostal nerve, vein and artery

A

The innermost intercostal is the lining and protector of the intercostal nerve, vein and artery

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57
Q

What are the characteristics of the internal intercostals?

A

– 11 pairs of muscles
– They lie deep to the external intercostals
– They run obliquely at right angles to the external intercostals
– Posteriorly they form the internal intercostal membrane

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58
Q

What are the characteristics of the innermost intercostals?

A

– 11 pairs that run similar to the internal intercostals
– They are separated from the internal intercostals by the intercostal nerves and
vessels
– They cover the middle ¾ of the intercostal space

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59
Q

The ___ membrane is between the innermost intercostal and the transversus thoracis

A

The common membrane of transversus thoracis membrane is between the innermost intercostal and the transversus thoracis

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60
Q

Subcostal muscles are ____

A

Subcostal muscles are thin muscular slips that extend from the angle of a rib on the internal surface to internal surface of rib below.

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61
Q

What are the characteristics of the subcostal muscles?

A

– They cross two intercostal spaces

– They run in the same direction as the internal intercostals (posteriorly and inferiorly)

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62
Q

The transverse thoracis are ___

A

The transverse thoracis are four or five muscular slips that arise from the xiphoid and body of the sternum

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63
Q

Transverse thoracis span ___ and ___ to the ___

A

Transverse thoracis span *superiorly and laterally to the 2nd to 6th costal cartilages *

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64
Q

____ are 12 fan shaped muscles

A

Levatores costarum are 12 fan shaped muscles

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65
Q

Levatores costarum arise from the ___ to ___

A

Levatores costarum * arise from the transverse processes of C7 to T11*

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66
Q

Levatores costarum run ____ and ___ to insert on the ___

A

Levatores costarum run inferiorly and laterally to insert on ribs below

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67
Q

Coming off the ___ artery and vein is the internal thoracic artery and vein, which gives off the ___ intercostal arteries and veins which will anastamose with the posterior intercostal arteries and veins that come directly off the ____

A

Coming off the subclavian artery and vein is the internal thoracic artery and vein, which gives off the anterior intercostal arteries and veins which will anastamose with the posterior intercostal arteries and veins that come directly off the thoracic aorta

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68
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the thorax?

A
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Serratus posterior inferior
  • Levatores costarum
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69
Q

The intercostal nerves are ____

A

The intercostal nerves are the ventral primary rami of the first eleven thoracic spinal nerves

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70
Q

The 12th thoracic spinal nerve is called the ____

A

The 12th thoracic spinal nerve is called the subcostal nerve

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71
Q

Why doesn’t T1 become a thoracic spinal nerve?

A

Because it forms the inferior chord/ lower trunk of the brachial plexuses

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72
Q

Which intercostal muscle has an aponeurosis?

A

The innermost intercostal muscle

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73
Q

Each intercostal space is supplied by ___

A
  1. a large posterior intercostal artery arising from the aorta and,
  2. a small anterior intercostal artery arising from the internal thoracic artery
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74
Q

The ___ restricts motion of the thoracic spine making it the second least mobile of the spinal regions

A

The rib cage restricts motion of the thoracic spine making it the second least mobile of the spinal regions

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75
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the thorax?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Pectoral muscles – pectoralis major and minor
  • Scalenes
  • Sternocleidomastoid
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76
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the thorax?

A
  • External Intercostals
  • Internal Intercostals
  • Innermost Intercostals
  • Subcostal muscles
  • Transversus Thoracis
  • Levatores Costarum
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77
Q

What is the superior boundary of the mediastinum?

A
  • Thoracic inlet
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78
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the mediastinum?

A
  • Thoracic outlet
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79
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the mediastinum?

A
  • Vertebral column
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80
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the mediastinum?

A
  • Sternum
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81
Q

What is the medial boundary of the mediastinum?

A
  • Mediastinal pleura
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82
Q

What are the subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A
  • Superior mediastinum

* Inferior mediastinum

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83
Q

The inferior mediastinum can be broken into the ____

A

– Anterior mediastinum
– Posterior mediastinum
– Middle mediastinum

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84
Q

The superior mediastinum is the region superior to the ____ separating ___ and __

A

The superior mediastinum is the region * superior to the intervertebral disc separating T4 and T5*

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85
Q

What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Great veins
  3. Arch of the aorta and its three branches
  4. Parts of the trachea and esophagus
  5. Vagus and phrenic nerves
  6. Thoracic ducts
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86
Q

The anterior mediastinum is the region anterior to the ____ and posterior to the ___

A

The anterior mediastinum is the region anterior to the pericardial sac and posterior to the sternum

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87
Q

The posterior mediastinum is the region posterior to the ___ and anterior to the ____

A

The posterior mediastinum is the region posterior to the pericardial sac and anterior to the thoracic vertebrae

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88
Q

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Lower end of the trachea
  3. Descending aorta and its branches
  4. Azygos venous system
  5. Thoracic duct
  6. Thoracic part of sympathetic trunk
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89
Q

The middle mediastinum is the region that contains the ___

A

The middle mediastinum is the region that contains the pericardial sac, heart, great arteries, main bronchi and phrenic nerve

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90
Q

The pericardium is a ____

A

The pericardium is a double layered fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels

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91
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium

- Serous pericardium

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92
Q

The fibrous pericardium is the ____

A

The fibrous pericardium is the dense fibrous outer layer of connective tissue

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93
Q

The fibrous pericardium is fused centrally to the ___ and attached to the ___ by ___

A

The fibrous pericardium is fused centrally to the diaphragm and attached to the sternum by sternopericardial ligaments

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94
Q

The fibrous pericardium functions to ___ and ___

A

The fibrous pericardium functions to compress the heart within the thoracic cavity and limits it distention

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95
Q

The fibrous pericardium is pierced inferiorly by the ___ and posteriorly by the ____. Superiorly it blends with the ____

A

The fibrous pericardium is pierced inferiorly by the * vena cava and posteriorly by the pulmonary veins. Superiorly it blends with the connective tissue of the great vessels*

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96
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A
  • Parietal layer

- Visceral layer

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97
Q

The parietal layer of the serous pericardium lines the ___

A

The parietal layer of the serous pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium

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98
Q

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is the ___

A

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is the covering the outside of the heart

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99
Q

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is known as the ____

A

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is known as the epicardium

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100
Q

Between the two layers of the serous pericardium, there is a ___ which contains a small layer of fluid for lubrication of the moving surfaces

A

Between the two layers of the serous pericardium, there is a pericardial cavity which contains a small layer of fluid for lubrication of the moving surfaces

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101
Q

During embryonic development the pericardium forms folds resulting in ___

A

During embryonic development the pericardium forms folds resulting in sinuses

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102
Q

What are the two pericardial sinus?

A
  • Transverse pericardial sinus

- Oblique pericardial sinus

103
Q

The transverse pericardial sinus is located anterior to the ___ and posterior to the ___

A

The transverse pericardial sinus is located anterior to the * superior vena cava and posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk*

104
Q

The oblique pericardial sinus is bounded on the right by the ____ and the left by the ___

A

The oblique pericardial sinus is bounded on the right by the inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins and on the left by the pulmonary veins

105
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The small space between the two pleural cavities

106
Q

Where does the mediastinum split into its two divisions?

A

At the level of the second rib straight through to T4

107
Q

The ____ plane splits the superior and inferior mediastinums

A

The transverse thoracic plane splits the superior and inferior mediastinums

108
Q

At which vertebral level are we no longer in the mediastium?

A

T9

109
Q

___ is the connection between the aorta and the esophagus and it has 2 layers of mediastinal pleura (R & L)

A

The mesophagus is the connection between the aorta and the esophagus and it has 2 layers of mediastinal pleura (R & L)

110
Q

As the heart fills with blood, it can build up a lot of blood pressure against the ____ to the give heart a bit of an assist to pump blood out

A

As the heart fills with blood, it can build up a lot of blood pressure against the fibrous pericardium to the give heart a bit of an assist to pump blood out

111
Q

A bleed from the heart into the fibrous pericardium, then blood can get into the layer between the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium to cause a condition called ____

A

A bleed from the heart into the fibrous pericardium, then blood can get into the layer between the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium to cause a condition called cardiac tamponade

112
Q

Myocardium is the ____

A

Myocardium is the heart muscle

113
Q

Endocardium is the ___

A

Endocardium is the lining of the inside of the heart

114
Q

The autonomic nervous system is part of the nervous system that is concerned with ___

A

The autonomic nervous system is part of the nervous system that is concerned with innervation of the viscera, glands, blood vessels, heart and smooth muscle.

115
Q

What are the 2 parts of the ANS?

A
  • Sympathetic system

* Parasympathetic system

116
Q

What are the 2 parts of the neuronal system of the ANS?

A

A preganglionic neuron with nerve cell bodies located in the CNS and a postganglionic neuron with nerve cell bodies located in, the peripheral ganglion

117
Q

The preganglionic neuron synapses with the postganglionic neuron in the ___

A

The preganglionic neuron synapses with the postganglionic neuron in the peripheral ganglia

118
Q

Why is the sympathetic nervous system also known as the thoracolumbar regions?

A

The SNS connects with thoracic and lumbar regions from T1 to L2

119
Q

The SNS is responsible for ___

A

The SNS is responsible for mobilizing the body in stressful or emergency situations (Fight or Flight response)

120
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies of SNS are located in ____

A

Preganglionic cell bodies of SNS are located in the lateral column of gray matter between T1 and L2

121
Q

Peripheral fibers of the cell bodies of SNS exit the spinal cord through the ____

A

Peripheral fibers of the cell bodies of SNS exit the spinal cord through the ventral roots and ventral primary rami.

122
Q

SNS cell bodies leave the spinal nerve and enter the sympathetic trunk via the ___

A

SNS cell bodies leave the spinal nerve and enter the sympathetic trunk via the white ramus communicans.

123
Q

Once in the sympathetic trunk the preganglionic fibers of the SNS can do one of 4 things, and they are ___

A
  1. Synapse at that level and exit through the gray ramus communicans to rejoin the spinal nerve
  2. Ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk and synapse at another level exiting through the gray ramus communicans
  3. Pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing and exit as a splanchnic nerve to the viscera
  4. Pass directly to the adrenal medulla
124
Q

Why is the PNS known as the craniosacral region?

A

Because the PNS connects with cranial nerves 3,7,9, and 10 and sacral spinal nerves 2, 3, and 4.

125
Q

The PNS is responsible for ___

A

The PNS is responsible for activating systems that conserve and restore body resources (Rest and Digest)

126
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons very near to or in the ____

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons very near to or in the wall of the organ they innervate

127
Q

What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglia in the cranial region?

A
  1. Ciliary ganglion
  2. Pterygopalatine ganglion
  3. Otic ganglion
  4. Submandibular ganglion
128
Q

Where are the preganglionic cells from and where do the postganglionic cells go to in the ciliary ganglion?

A

– Preganglionic from CN III

– Postganglionic to ciliary body and sphincter pupillae

129
Q

Where are the preganglionic cells from and where do the postganglionic cells go to in the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

– Preganglionic from CN VII

– Postganglionic to lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa

130
Q

Where are the preganglionic cells from and where do the postganglionic cells go to in the otic ganglion?

A

– Preganglionic from CN IX

– Postganglionic to parotid gland

131
Q

Where are the preganglionic cells from and where do the postganglionic cells go to in the submandibular ganglion?

A

– Preganglionic from CN VII

– Postganglionic to submandibular and sublingual glands

132
Q

In the PNS, the vagus nerve supplies the ____

A

In the PNS, the vagus nerve supplies the preganglionic fibers to the viscera of the
neck, thorax and abdomen

133
Q

The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of sacral spinal nerves 2, 3 and 4 extend to the ____ where they synapse with postganglionic neurons

A

The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of sacral spinal nerves 2, 3 and 4 extend to the walls of the pelvic organs where they synapse with postganglionic neurons

134
Q

The lungs and their coverings (the pleura) fill the ____of the thorax cavity

A

The lungs and their coverings (the pleura) fill the lateral portions of the thorax cavity

135
Q

Inserted between the right and left lungs and their pleura is the ____

A

Inserted between the right and left lungs and their pleura is the mediastinum

136
Q

What is pleura?

A

The coverings of the lungs

137
Q

What are the 2 types of pleura?

A
  • Visceral

- Parietal

138
Q

___ pleura lines the lungs

A

Visceral pleura lines the lungs

139
Q

Parietal pleura lines the ____

A

Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

140
Q

The 2 types of pleura come together and become continuous at the ____ which surrounds ___ of each lung

A

The 2 types of pleura come together and become continuous at the root of the lung/hilum of lung which surrounds the main bronchus of each lung

141
Q

What are the parts of the parietal pleura?

A
  • Costal pleura
  • Diaphragmatic pleura
  • Mediastinal pleura
142
Q

The costal pleura lines the ____

A

The costal pleura lines the thoracic walls

143
Q

The diaphragmatic pleura is the lining of the ____

A

The diaphragmatic pleura is the lining of the diaphragm

144
Q

The mediastinal pleura is the lining of the ____

A

The mediastinal pleura is the lining of the mediastinum

145
Q

The space outside the lungs, in between the two layers of the pleura is the ___

A

The space outside the lungs, in between the two layers of the pleura is the pleural cavity

146
Q

The Costodiaphragmatic

recess is the area where ___

A

The Costodiaphragmatic

recess is the area where you can agin access to the pleural space without damaging the lung

147
Q

Pleural cavities are two ___ and ___ potential spaces

A

Pleural cavities are two separate and closed potential spaces

148
Q

Fluid filled the pleural space to ____ between parietal and visceral layers of pleura as you breathe in and out

A

Fluid filled the pleural space to reduce friction between parietal and visceral layers of pleura as you breathe in and out

149
Q

What happens when the pleural space becomes inflammed/ gains inflammatory cells?

A

The pleuras rub against each other

150
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung and what separates them?

A 
– Three lobes - superior,
middle and inferior
– The lobes are separated by
horizontal and oblique
fissures
151
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung and what separates them?

A

– Two lobes – superior and
inferior
– The lobes are separated by
an oblique fissure

152
Q

The top of the lung is called the ___

A

The top of the lung is called the apex

153
Q

The cardiac notch is on which lung?

A

The left lung

154
Q

Each lung receives a primary or principal bronchus from the

____

A

Each lung receives a primary or principal bronchus from the

trachea

155
Q

Each principal bronchus divides into ____ which supplies a lobe of the lung

A

Each principal bronchus divides into lobar bronchi which supplies a lobe of the lung

156
Q

Each lobar bronchus divides into _____, which supplies a specific bronchopulmonary segment.

A

Each lobar bronchus divides into tertiary segmental bronchi, which supplies a specific bronchopulmonary segment.

157
Q

The branches of the _____ supply venous blood to the lungs for aeration.

A

The branches of the pulmonary arteries supply venous blood to the
lungs for aeration.

158
Q

Pulmonary arteries run with the ____ and lie posterior to them. There is a branch to each lobe and ____ segment

A

Pulmonary arteries run with the bronchi and lie posterior to them. There is a branch to each lobe and bronchopulmonary segment

159
Q

There are no arterial anastomoses between ____

segments. Therefore, removal of a pulmonary segment of the lung will not endanger the viability of the adjacent segments

A

There are no arterial anastomoses between bronchopulmonary

segments. Therefore, removal of a pulmonary segment of the lung will not endanger the viability of the adjacent segments

160
Q

The ____ drain oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart

A

The pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart

161
Q

___ and _____ are formed at the hilus of the each lung.

A

Superior and inferior pulmonary veins are formed at the hilus of the each lung.

162
Q

The superior pulmonary veins receives tributaries from the _____ of the left lung

A

The superior pulmonary veins receives tributaries from the superior and middle lobes of the right lung and superior and lingula lobes of the left lung

163
Q

The inferior pulmonary veins receives tributaries from the ___ of the right and left lungs

A

The inferior pulmonary veins receives tributaries from the lower lobes of the right and left lungs

164
Q

____ is the attachment point of the lung

A

Root (Hilum) of the Lung is the attachment point of the lung

165
Q

The root (Hilum) of the lung connects the ___ to the __ and ___ and is surrounded by the reflection of parietal to visceral pleura.

A

The root (Hilum) of the lung connects the lung to the heart and trachea and is surrounded by the reflection of parietal to visceral pleura.

166
Q

The root (Hilum) of the lung provides a highway for the ___

A

The root (Hilum) of the lung provides a highway for the *main bronchus, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. *

167
Q

Superficial lymphatic drains to the ____ and runs along the

visceral pleura to the ___

A

Superficial lymphatic drains to the surface and runs along the visceral pleura to the hilum

168
Q

Deep lymphatic drainage follows the ___ and collects at the ___

A

Deep lymphatic drainage follows the bronchi and collects at the hilum

169
Q

At the hilum, all the lymphatic drainage is filtered by the

_____

A

At the hilum, all the lymphatic drainage is filtered by the

tracheobronchial nodes

170
Q

What is the carina?

A

The cartilaginous material at the junction of the right and left bronchus, where the trachea spilts

171
Q

What side of the lung has an intermediate bronchus?

A

The right lung. The intermediate bronchus is between the right superior bronchus and the middle bronchus

172
Q

What are the 3 bronchopulmonary segments that come off the right superior main bronchus/superior lobe?

A
  • Apical
  • Posterior
  • Anterior
173
Q

What are the 2 bronchopulmonary segments that come off the right middle main bronchus/middle lobe?

A
  • Lateral

- Medial

174
Q

What are the bronchopulmonary segments that come off the right inferior main bronchus/inferior lobe?

A
  • Superior
  • Anterior basal
  • Medial basal
  • Lateral basal
  • Posterior basal
175
Q

What are the bronchopulmonary segments that are on the left side and make up the apico-posterior part?

A
  • Apical
  • Posterior
  • Anterior
176
Q

What forms the bronchopulmonary segments of the left superior lobe?

A
  • Apico-posterio
  • Superior lingular
  • Inferior lingular
177
Q

What forms the bronchopulmonary segments of the left inferior lobe?

A
  • Superior
  • Anterior basal
  • Medial basal
  • Lateral basal
  • Posterior basal
178
Q

The superior lingular and inferior lingular bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung and similar to the ____ and ___ of the right lung

A

The superior lingular and inferior lingular bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung and similar to the lateral and medial bronchopulmonary segments of the right lung

179
Q

The esophagus runs ___ to the descending aorta

A

The esophagus runs anterior to the descending aorta

180
Q

___ sends arterial blood into the lungs

A

Pulmonary trunk sends arterial blood into the lungs

181
Q

____ sends deoxygenated blood from the ___ ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation

A

Right pulmonary artery sends deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation

182
Q

____ and ___ bring oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs

A

Right and left pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs

183
Q

The right and left pulmonary veins go into the ____

A

The right and left pulmonary veins go into the Atria

184
Q

What kind of nerves are in the lungs?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that can activate smooth muscles to squeeze and tighten up the airways or dilate and open up the airways

185
Q

The superior pulmonary veins drains the ___ and _____ lobes of the right lung and the ___ lobe of the left lung

A

The superior pulmonary veins drains the superior and middle lobes of the right lung and the superior lobe(including the lingula) of the left lung

186
Q

The inferior pulmonary veins drains the ___ lobe of the right lung and the ___ lobe of the left lung

A

The inferior pulmonary veins drains the inferior lobe of the right lung and the inferior lobe of the left lung

187
Q

The parasternal nodes drain into the ___

A

The parasternal nodes drain into the left and right bronchomediastinal trunks

188
Q

What is the superior relation of the parietal pleura to the thoracic wall?

A

Pleura extends through the thoracic inlet, it is called the cupula of the pleura

189
Q

What is the inferior relation of the parietal pleura to the thoracic wall?

A
  • the pleura is related three ways
    – anterior - 7th costal cartilage
    – mid-axillary - 10th costal cartilage
    – posterior - 12th vertebral level
190
Q

What is the Costo-diaphragmatic recess?

A

The separation of parietal pleura from visceral pleura where the costal and diaphragmatic pleura meet

191
Q

What is the superior relation of the lungs to the thoracic wall?

A

Lung extends through the thoracic inlet as the apex of

the lung and fills up most of the cupula

192
Q

What is the anterior relation of the lungs to the thoracic wall?

A

The lung extends down to the 6th costal cartilage

193
Q

What is the mid-axillary relation of the lungs to the thoracic wall?

A

The lung extends down to the 8th costal cartilage

194
Q

What is the posterior relation of the lungs to the thoracic wall?

A

The lung extends down to the 10th or 11th rib

195
Q

What is the heart?

A

Four chambered fibromuscular organ that lies obliquely in the
middle of the mediastinum

196
Q

The ____ is the most posterior part of the heart.

A

The base is the most posterior part of the heart.

197
Q

What forms the base of the heart?

A

It is formed by the left atrium and a small portion of the right

198
Q

The apex of the heart projects ___

A

The apex of the heart projects inferolaterally from the base of the heart

199
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

It is located in the 5th intercostal space just medial to the mid clavicular line in a supine individual

200
Q

The diaphragmatic surface is the ____ surface of the heart

A

The diaphragmatic surface is the inferior surface of the heart

201
Q

The diaphragmatic surface is formed by ____

A

The diaphragmatic surface is formed by both ventricles but primarily the left

202
Q

The sternocostal surface is the ____ surface of the heart

A

The sternocostal surface is the anterior surface of the heart

203
Q

The sternocostal surface is formed by ____

A

The sternocostal surface is formed largely by the right ventricle

204
Q

The pulmonary surface is the ___ of the heart

A

The pulmonary surface is the left side of the heart

205
Q

The pulmonary surface is formed largely by the ___

A

The pulmonary surface is formed largely by the * left ventricle*

206
Q

The right border of the heart is formed by the ___

A

The right border of the heart is formed by the right atrium and is in line with the superior and inferior vena cava

207
Q

The inferior border of the heart is formed by the ___

A

The inferior border of the heart is formed by the right ventricle and a small part of the left ventricle

208
Q

The left border of the heart is formed by the ___

A

The left border of the heart is formed by the left ventricle and slightly by the left atrium

209
Q

The superior border of the heart is formed by ___

A

The superior border of the heart is formed by both atria

210
Q

The right atrium receives blood from the ___ and ___ and the ____

A

The right atrium receives blood from the inferior and superior venae cava and the
coronary sinus.

211
Q

The ____ is the main drainage of the heart.

A

The coronary sinus is the main drainage of the heart.

212
Q

The right atrium is characterized by the ___ and ____

A

The right atrium is characterized by the pectinate muscles and fossa ovalis

213
Q

The right ventricle receives blood from the ___ and pumps into the ____

A

The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps into the pulmonary
arteries

214
Q

The right ventricle is characterized by the ___ and ____

A

The right ventricle is characterized by the trabeculae camae and papillary muscles

215
Q

Papillary muscles are connected to the tricuspid valve by the ____

A

Papillary muscles are connected to the tricuspid valve by the chordae tendinae

216
Q

The walls of the right ventricle form a smooth surface called the ____, in the upper medial part as it leads into the ____

A

The walls of the right ventricle form a smooth surface called the infundibulum, in the upper medial part as it leads into the pulmonary trunk

217
Q

The pulmonary trunk is equipped with pulmonary valves to prevent a ____

A

The pulmonary trunk is equipped with pulmonary valves to prevent a reflux of blood

218
Q

The left atrium receives blood ___

A

The left atrium receives blood via four pulmonary veins from the lungs

219
Q

The blood in the left atrium is passed to the left ventricle through the ____

A

The blood in the left atrium is passed to the left ventricle through the mitral orifice

220
Q

The mitral orifice is guarded by the ___ or ____

A

The mitral orifice is guarded by the mitral or bicuspid valve

221
Q

The walls of the ___ are three times as thick than the _____

A

The walls of the left ventricle are three times as thick than the right ventricle

222
Q

Blood is propelled from the left ventricle into the ____ through the ____

A

Blood is propelled from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valves

223
Q

The right coronary artery arises from the ___ and passes inferiorly in the ___

A

The right coronary artery arises from the aorta and passes inferiorly in the coronary sulcus

224
Q

The right coronary artery gives off the ____ at the inferior border of the heart

A

The right coronary artery gives off the right marginal artery at the inferior border of the heart

225
Q

At the inferior border, the right coronary artery turns left and posterior and gives rise to the ______

A

At the inferior border, the right coronary artery turns left and posterior and gives rise to the
posterior interventricular artery

226
Q

The posterior interventricular artery runs inferiorly to the ____ in the _____

A

The posterior interventricular artery runs inferiorly to the apex of the heart in the posterior interventricular sulcus

227
Q

The left coronary artery arises from the ___ and very quickly divides into ___ and the ___

A

The left coronary artery arises from the aorta and very quickly divides into anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

228
Q

The anterior interventricular artery descends to the ___ of the heart where it anastomoses with the ____

A

The anterior interventricular artery descends to the apex of the heart where it anastomoses with the posterior interventricular artery

229
Q

Circumflex artery passes around the __ border of the heart in the coronary sulcus and anastomoses with the ____ of the right coronary artery

A

Circumflex artery passes around the left border of the heart in the coronary sulcus and anastomoses with the termination of the right
coronary artery

230
Q

____ arises from the circumflex artery

A

Left marginal artery arises from the circumflex artery

231
Q

The great cardiac vein ascends in the ___

A

The great cardiac vein ascends in the anterior interventricular sulcus

232
Q

The middle cardiac vein ascends in the _

A

The middle cardiac vein ascends in the posterior interventricular sulcus

233
Q

The small cardiac vein runs in the ___ on the ___ side

A

The small cardiac vein runs in the coronary sulcus on the right side

234
Q

The veins all drain into the ___ which empties into the ____

A

The veins all drain into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium

235
Q

___ to ____ is the tricuspid valve

A

Right atrium to right ventricle is the tricuspid valve

236
Q

___ to ____ is the mitral valve

A

Left atrium to left ventricle is the mitral valve

237
Q

The pulmonary valve runs from the ___ to the ____

A

The pulmonary valve runs from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries

238
Q

The aortic valve runs from the ___ to the ____

A

The aortic valve runs from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta

239
Q

The aortic arch gives off the ____

A

The aortic arch gives off the descending aorta

240
Q

The arch of the azygos vein drains into the ___

A

The arch of the azygos vein drains into the SVC

241
Q

The pulmonary veins go into the ____ that’ll pump blood into the ____ which will pump blood out through the ____

A

The pulmonary veins go into the left atrium that’ll pump blood into the left ventricle which will pump blood out through the ascending aorta

242
Q

The SVC is formed by ____

A

The SVC is formed by the left brachiocephalic vein, the left subclavian vein, and the internal jugular vein

243
Q

The fossa ovalis is responsible for ____

A

The fossa ovalis is responsible for making sure the blood swirls the right way and fills into the right ventricle

244
Q

The crista terminalis are the ___

A

The crista terminalis are the connections of the pectinate muscles to the inner lining of the atrium

245
Q

The sinus venarum is the ___

A

The sinus venarum is the main way that blood gets into the right ventricle

246
Q

The infundibulum is also known as the ___

A

The infundibulum is also known as the conus arteriosus

247
Q

What are the cusps that make up the tricuspid valves?

A
  • Anterior cusp
  • Septal cusp
  • Posterior cusp
248
Q

The tricuspid valve is the ____ valve

A

The tricuspid valve is the atrioventricular valve

249
Q

____ attaches the cusps of the pulmonary valve to the papillary muscles

A

Tendinous cords attaches the cusps of the pulmonary valve to the papillary muscles

250
Q

What do the papillary muscles do?

A

They close down the cusps and join them all together, so that blood does not back flow into the right atrium

251
Q

Electrical activity of the heart is via the ____, it fires off and its AP reaches the ____

A

Electrical activity of the heart is via the sinuatrial node it fires off and its AP reaches the atrioventricular

252
Q

An implantable cardioverter/ defibrillator will follow what pathway to the heart via the ____

A

An implantable cardioverter/ defibrillator will be connected to the heart via the left subclavian vein, to the L brachiocephalic vein to the SVC, then the R atrium, through the tricuspid valve, to inject into the atrioventricular wall

253
Q

A pacemaker will send a connection to the___ and help with the normal firing pattern

A

A pacemaker will send a connection to the sinuatrial node and help with the normal firing pattern

254
Q

What is another name to the anterior interventricular artery?

A

Left anterior descending artery

Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

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