Week 2 Flashcards
What are the 5 layers of tissue found in the scalp?
- Skin
- Connective tissue
- Epicranial aponeurosis
- Loose connective tissue
- Peristeum of the cranium
____ contains a large number of blood vessels in the scalp
Connective tissue contains a large number of blood vessels in the scalp
____ is a strong membranous tendon connecting the
anteriorly placed frontalis muscle and the posteriorly placed occipitalis
Epicranial aponeurosis is a strong membranous tendon connecting the anteriorly placed frontalis muscle and the posteriorly placed occipitalis
____ allows the outer three layers to move freely over the skull.
Loose connective tissue allows the outer three layers to move freely over the skull.
What do the walls of the cranial cavity consist of ?
Consist of inner and outer tables of compact bone that are separated by spongy bone called diploë
What are the cranial meninges?
Three membranes that surround the brain and are continuous with the meninges of the spinal cord.
_____ mater is fused to the periosteum, therefore it is considered to have two
parts
Dura mater meninge is fused to the periosteum, therefore it is considered to have two
parts
What are the two parts of the dura mater?
- Periosteal dura
- Meningeal dura
___ dura is continuous with the periosteum of the inner surface of the skull
Periosteal dura is continuous with the periosteum of the inner surface of the skull
The meningeal dura is continuous with the dura of the ____
The meningeal dura is continuous with the dura of the spinal cord
____ mater is a delicate membrane that lines the inner surface of the dura.
Arachnoid mater is a delicate membrane that lines the inner surface of the meningeal dura.
What is the arachnoid trabeculae?
Fine extensions that span across the subdural space and attach to the pia mater.
What is the pia mater?
Vascular delicate membrane that attaches to the brain.
True or False
The subdural space of the brain and spinal cord are the same
True
The separation of ___ from ___ creates channels that are lined with an ___ and receive veins that drains the ___ and the ___
The separation of meningeal dura from periosteal dura creates channels that are lined with an endothelium and receive veins that drain the brain and the meninges.
The channels created by the separation of the meningeal dura from periosteal dura are in effect venous channels responsible for draining the
____
The channels created by the separation of the meningeal dura from periosteal dura are in effect venous channels responsible for draining the
contents of the cranial cavity.
At other locations, the meningeal dura form folds that dip into ___ between parts of the brain.
At other locations, the meningeal dura form folds that dip into fissures between parts of the brain.
What are the 4 dural folds?
- Falx cerebri
- Falx cerebelli
- Tentorium cerebelli
- Diaphragma sellae
___ is the vertical dural fold between the right and left cerebral hemisphere
The falx cerebri is the vertical dural fold between the right and left cerebral hemisphere
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
A horizontal fold between the cerebrum and the cerebellum underneath it
____ dural fold is under the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli, is a vertical dural fold that separates the right and left cerebellum/cereberal lobes
Falx cerebelli dural fold is under the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli, is a vertical dural fold that separates the right and left cerebellum lobes
The ____ is a circular dural fold that surrounds the pituitary gland that sits in the sella tucica
The diaphragm sellae is a circular dural fold that surrounds the pituitary gland that sits in the sella tucica
What are the dural sinuses?
- Superior sagittal sinus
- Inferior sagittal sinus
- Transverse sinus
- Occipital sinus
- Cavernous sinuses
- Superior petrosal sinus
- Inferior petrosal sinus
- Sigmoid sinus
- Straight sinus
Blood in the superior sagittal sinus drains into the ___
Blood in the superior sagittal sinus drains into the confluence of the sinus
In order to get into the confluence, blood in the inferior sagittal sinus travels along the ___
In order to get into the confluence, blood in the inferior sagittal sinus travels along the straight sinus
The occipital sinus drains blood from the ___
The occipital sinus drains blood from the occipital lobes and from where the cerebellum is going to be
The superior petrosal sinus drains towards the ____
The superior petrosal sinus drains towards the transverse sinus
The inferior petrosal sinus drains towards the ____
The inferior petrosal sinus drains towards the sigmoid sinus
What sinus can get drainage from the face and the cranium?
The cavernous sinus
The cranial fossa can be divided into ___
The cranial fossa can be divided into anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa
The bones of the skull can be thought of as the ___
The bones of the skull can be thought of as the neural cranium
What are the bones of the skull?
- Occipital
- Sphenoid
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Ethmoid
The orbitomeatal plane is the plane between the ___ and the ___
The orbitomeatal plane is the plane between the orbit and the external auditory meatus
What are the lines along the parietal bones called?
Superior and inferior temporal lines
The inferior temporal line is where the ___ attaches
The inferior temporal line is where the temporal muscle attaches
The superior temporal line is where the ___ attaches
The superior temporal line is where the temporal fascia attaches
The suture that connect the parietal bone to the temporal bone is called the ____
The suture that connect the parietal bone to the temporal bone is called the squamosal suture
The suture that connect the parietal bone to the occipital bone is called the ____
The suture that connect the parietal bone to the occipital bone is called the lambdoidal suture
The mastoid process is on the ___ bone
The mastoid process is on the temporal bone
The ___ suture joins both of the parietal bones
The sagittal suture joins both of the parietal bones
The junction of the sagittal suture with the lambdoidal suture is called the ___
The junction of the sagittal suture with the lambdoidal suture is called the lambda
The superior and inferior nuchal lines are found on the ___ bone
The superior and inferior nuchal lines are found on the occipital bone
What are the bones of the face?
- Palatine
- Zygomatic
- Nasal
- Vomer
- Maxillae
- Mandible
The ___ is at the junction of the eyebrows
The glabella is at the junction of the eyebrows
Where the sutures of the frontal bone joins to the nasal bone is called the ___
Where the sutures of the frontal bone joins to the nasal bone is called the nasion
The ___ suture joins the two nasal bones
The internasal suture joins the two nasal bones
The ___ suture connects the two maxilla bones
The intermaxillary suture connects the two maxilla bones
The mandible is a ___
The mandible is a symphysis
The hole above the superior part of the orbit/hole of the eye is called the ____
The hole above the superior part of the orbit/hole of the eye is called the supraorbital foramen
___ passes through the supraorbital foramen
The supraorbital membrane passes through the supraorbital foramen
The infraorbital foramen is in the ___
The infraorbital foramen is in the maxilla
The mental foramen is in the ___ and contains the ___
The mental foramen is in the mandible and contains the mandibular membrane
The roof of the mouth is the ____
The roof of the mouth is the palatine process of the maxilla
What are the 2 parts of the palatine bone?
The greater and lesser palatine foramen
The ____ forms the temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)
The mandibular fossa forms the temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)
The internal carotid goes through the ___
The internal carotid goes through the carotid canal
What all forms the sphenoid bone?
The greater and lesser wing, the body and the dorsum sellae
What are the two parts of the temporal bone?
- Squamous part
- Petrous part
What are the parts of the occipital bone?
- Basilar
- Lateral
- Squamous
There is usually nothing in the foramen cecum, but in 1% of the population the ___ passes through it
There is usually nothing in the foramen cecum, but in 1% of the population the nasal emissary vein passes through it
What are the contents of the cribriform foramina in the cribriform plate?
Axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves
What passes through the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina?
The vessels and nerves of the anterior and posterior ethmoid
What goes through the optic canals?
Optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
What goes through the superior orbital fissure?
Ophthalmic veins; ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), CN III, IV, and VI and sympathetic fibers
The maxillary nerve (CN V2) goes through the ___
The maxillary nerve (CN V2) goes through the foramen rotundum
What passes through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3
What passes through the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid artery and its acompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses
The grater petroseal nerve and petroseal branch of middle meningeal artery passes through the ___
The grater petroseal nerve and petroseal branch of middle meningeal artery passes through the groove or hiatus of greater petroseal nerve
The optic canals, groove or hiatus of greater petroseal nerve, foramen lacerum, foramen spinosum, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, and the superior orbital fissure are all in the ____ cranial fossa
The optic canals, groove or hiatus of greater petroseal nerve, foramen lacerum, foramen spinosum, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, and the superior orbital fissure are all in the middle cranial fossa
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, dural veins, and anterior and posterior spinal arteries
What passes through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, and XI, superior bulb of internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses, and meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes through the ___
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes through the hypoglossal canal
What passes through the condylar canal?
Emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in the neck
What passes through the mastoid foramen?
Mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery
What is the distribution/branches of the facial nerve CN VII?
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal mandibular
- Cervical
What is the largest salivary gland?
The parotid gland
The anterior aspect of the head bounded posteriorly by the ears, superiorly by the hairline, and inferiorly by the chin is known as the ___
The anterior aspect of the head bounded posteriorly by the ears, superiorly by the hairline, and inferiorly by the chin is known as the face
What encompasses the face?
Ears, eyes, nose, and mouth
All the muscles of the face get their motor innervation from ___
All the muscles of the face get their motor innervation from Facial nerve (CN VII)
____ muscle covers parts of the skull and serves facial expressions
Occipitofrontalis muscle covers parts of the skull and serves facial expressions
____ encircles the mouth, causes mouth closure, pursing or puckering of lips, chewing and speaking.
Orbicularis oris encircles the mouth, causes mouth closure, pursing or puckering of lips, chewing and speaking.
____ is located in the cheek and is important for mastication.
Buccinator is located in the cheek and is important for mastication.
What muscle maintains the skin against the teeth during chewing and aids with whistling and sucking?
The Buccinator
_____ is a very thin muscle that arises from the skin of the face and mandible and descends into the superficial fascia of the neck
Platysma is a very thin muscle that arises from the skin of the face and mandible and descends into the superficial fascia of the neck
Where does the platysma insert?
Over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
Action of the platysma
It tenses the skin of the
neck
____ muscle arises from the zygomatic arch
Zygomaticus major muscle arises from the zygomatic arch
Where does the zygomaticus major insert?
Into the corner of the mouth.
What is the action of the zygomaticus major?
It pulls the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly as in laughing.
Where does the zygomaticus minor arise from?
Arises from the zygomatic bone and continues with orbicularis oculi on the lateral face of the levator labii superioris
Where does the zygomaticus minor insert?
Into the outer part of the upper lip.
Action of zygomaticus minor
It draws the upper lip backward, upward and outward as in smiling
____ is a small pyramidal slip of muscle arising from fascia covering the lower part of the nasal bone and upper part of lateral nasal cartilage
Procerus is a small pyramidal slip of muscle arising from fascia covering the lower part of the nasal bone and upper part of lateral nasal cartilage
Procerus inserts into the ___
Procerus inserts into the * skin over the lower part of the forehead between the two eyebrows*
Action of procerus
It pulls the skin between the eyebrows downwards which assists in flaring the nostrils, and can also contribute to the expression of anger
____ is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilages and to flare the nostrils.
Nasalis is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilages and to flare the nostrils.
____ muscle arises from the nasal part of frontal bone; frontal process of maxilla; and anterior surface of medial palpebral ligament
Orbicularis occuli muscle arises from the nasal part of frontal bone; frontal process of maxilla; and anterior surface of medial palpebral ligament
What does the orbicularis occuli form?
Forms a broad and thin layer which occupies eyelids
Orbicularis occuli surrounds the ____ and ___
Orbicularis occuli surrounds the circumference of the orbit and closes the eyelid
____ is located at medial end of eyebrow deep to frontalis and just above orbicularis occuli
Corrugator supercilii is located at medial end of eyebrow deep to frontalis and just above orbicularis occuli
Corrugator supercilii is known as the ___
Corrugator supercilii is known as the wrinkler of the eyebrows
Depressor anguli oris arises from ___
Depressor anguli oris arises from oblique line of mandible
Depressor anguli oris inserts into ___
Depressor anguli oris inserts into the angle of the mouth
Action of the Depressor anguli oris
Depresses the corner of the mouth as in frowning
The facial nerve CN VII, exits the ____ and enters the ___. Within the gland it divides and gives rise to __ major branches
The facial nerve CN VII, exits the stylomastoid foramen and enters the parotid gland. Within the gland it divides and gives rise to five major branches
___ branch of the facial nerve goes to the orbital and forehead
Temporal branch of the facial nerve goes to the orbital and forehead
Where does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve go?
To the zygomatic, orbital, infraorbital regions
Where does the buccal branch of the facial nerve go?
To the cheek and upper lip
Where does the mandibular branch of the facial nerve go?
Lower lip and chin
Where does the cervical branch of the facial nerve go?
To the neck for innervation of platysma
Sensory innervation of the face occurs via the __ and ___ from the cervical plexus
Sensory innervation of the face occurs via the 5th cranial nerve and the great auricular nerve from the cervical plexus
Which division(s) of the 5th cranial nerve supplies the face?
- Ophthalmic division
- Maxillary division
- Mandibular division
___ nerve supplies the areas anterior, inferior and posterior to the ear
Great auricular nerve supplies the areas anterior, inferior and posterior to the ear
The primary arterial supplier of the face is the ___
The primary arterial supplier of the face is the Facial artery
The facial artery arises from the ____. It gives rise to the following branches: __
The facial artery arises from the external carotid. It gives rise to the following branches: Superficial temporal artery
The superficial temporal artery is a ____. It gives rise to the ____.
The superficial temporal artery is a terminal branch of the external carotid. It gives rise to the *transverse facial artery. *
The primary venous drainage of the face is the ____
The primary venous drainage of the face is the facial vein
The facial vein is joined by the ___ and drains into the ___
The facial vein is joined by the anterior division of the retromandibular vein and drains into the internal jugular vein
What are the individual sensory nerves of the ophthalmic division that innervates the forehead, brows, eyelids, nasal canal and nose?
- Supraorbital
- Supratrochlear
- Infratrochlear
- Lacrimal (most lateral)
- Nasal (most medial)
What are the individual sensory nerves of the maxillary division that innervates face?
- Zygomaticotemporal
- Zygomaticofacial
- Infraorbital
What are the individual sensory nerves of the mandibular division that innervates face?
- Auriculotemporal
- Buccal
- Mental
The internal and external carotid artery splits at the ____
The internal and external carotid artery splits at the carotid sinus
The facial artery gives off the ___ and ___ artery that supplies the lips
The facial artery gives off the superior and inferior labial artery that supplies the lips
The facial artery gives off the ____ that supplies the lateral side of the nose
The facial artery gives off the lateral nasal artery that supplies the lateral side of the nose
The facial artery gives off the ____ that supplies the maxilla
The facial artery gives off the maxillary that supplies the maxilla
___ is also part of the venous drainage of the face, and it comes from the forehead
Superficial temporal vein is also part of the venous drainage of the face, and it comes from the forehead
The superficial temporal vein is joined by the ___ and together they form the ___
The superficial temporal vein is joined by the maxillary vein and together they form the retromandibular vein
The retromandibular and posterior auricular vein form the ____
The retromandibular and posterior auricular vein form the external jugular
vein
Where is the parotid gland located?
Located anterior and inferior to the ear
The parotid duct extends from the gland to the ___ penetrating the ___ muscle to allow ___ to enter the mouth
The parotid duct extends from the gland to the oral cavity penetrating the buccinator muscle to allow saliva to enter the mouth
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the parotid gland are carried by the ____
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the parotid gland are carried by the glossopharyngeal nerve
Synapse of the preganglionic to postganglionic nerve fibers of the parotid gland occurs in the ___.
Synapse of the preganglionic to postganglionic nerve fibers of the parotid gland occurs in the otic ganglion.
_ nerve carries postganglionic nerve fibers to the parotid gland
Auriculotemporal nerve carries postganglionic nerve fibers to the parotid gland
The temporal fossa is located on the ____
The temporal fossa is located on the * lateral side of the skull*
What bounds the temporal fossa?
Bounded by the temporal lines superiorly and the zygomatic arch inferiorly
Origin of the temporalis muscle
Floor of temporal fossa
Insertion of the temporalis muscle
Coronoid process of the mandible
Innervation of the temporalis muscle
Mandibular nerve, CN V3
Action of the temporalis muscle
Elevation and retraction of the
mandible for mastication
Origin of the masseter muscle
Zygomatic arch
Insertion of the masseter muscle
Lateral surface of the ramus, coronoid process and angle of mandible
Innervation of the masseter muscle
Mandibular nerve, CN V3
Action of the masseter muscle
Elevation of mandible for
mastication
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid
The 4 muscles of mastication move the lower jaw at the
____ joint
The 4 muscles of mastication move the lower jaw at the
temporomandibular joint
Masseter is ____ to the
infratemporal fossa
Masseter is lateral to the
infratemporal fossa,
Medial and lateral pterygoid are in the ___
Medial and lateral pterygoid are in the infratemporal fossa
Temporalis fills the ___
Temporalis fills the temporal fossa
The ____ fossa is inferior to the temporal fossa and partially covered by the masseter
The infratemporal fossa is inferior to the temporal fossa and partially covered by the masseter
What is the anterior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
The maxilla
What is the posterior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
The condylar process of the mandible
What is the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
The lateral pterygoid plate
What is the lateral boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
The ramus of the mandible
What is the origin of the lateral pterygoid?
Greater wing of the sphenoid
and lateral pterygoid plate
What is the insertion of the lateral pterygoid?
Neck of the mandible and disc of the TMJ
What is the innervation of the lateral pterygoid?
Mandibular nerve, V3
What is the action of the lateral pterygoid?
Bilaterally protrudes mandible;
Unilaterally moves mandible side to side
What is the origin of the medial pterygoid?
Lateral pterygoid plate, maxilla
What is the insertion of the medial pterygoid?
Medial surface of the angle of the mandible
What is the innervation of the medial pterygoid?
Mandibular nerve, V3
What is the action of the medial pterygoid?
Elevation and protrudes the
mandible; unilaterally moves the mandible side to side
The mandibular nerve sends muscular branches to the ___, ___ and ___
The mandibular nerve sends muscular branches to the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoids
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the mylohyoid which innervates ___
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the mylohyoid which innervates the mylohyoid and digastric muscles
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the lingual nerve which provides sensation to the ___
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the lingual nerve which provides sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the buccal nerve which provides sensory innervation to the ___
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the buccal nerve which provides sensory innervation to the lower cheek and gums
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the inferior alveolar which provides sensory to the ___
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the inferior alveolar which provides sensory to the mandibular teeth and terminates as the mental nerve
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the auriculotemporal which carries ___ to the parotid gland
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the auriculotemporal which carries * postganglionic parasympathetic fibers* to the parotid gland
What is the artery of the mandible?
External carotid artery
What are the branches that the external carotid artery give off?
- Superficial temporal artery
- Maxillary artery
What are the branches of the maxillary artery?
–Deep temporal a. –Muscular branches to masseter and pterygoid –Inferior alveolar –Buccal branch –Middle meningeal a.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a ___ joint with loose fibrous capsule
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint with loose fibrous capsule
TMJ is the articulation of the
head of the mandible with the ___ and ____
TMJ is the articulation of the
head of the mandible with the mandibular fossa and articular
tubercle of the temporal bone
____ is the thickening of the lateral capsule
Temporomandibular ligament is the thickening of the lateral capsule
The articular disc of the TMJ is found ____
The articular disc of the TMJ is found between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa
The articular disc of the TMJ is more intimately associated with the ___ and therefore moves with the ____ during opening and closing of the mouth.
The articular disc of the TMJ is more intimately associated with the head of the mandible and therefore moves with the head of the mandible as it slides anteriorly during opening and closing of the mouth.
Hinge movements of the TMJ is between the ___
Hinge movements of the TMJ is between the head of mandible and disc
Sliding movements of the TMJ is between the ___
Sliding movements of the TMJ is between the disc and mandibular fossa
The ligament from the styloid process to the mandible is called the ___
The ligament from the styloid process to the mandible is called the stylomandibular ligament
The ligament from the sphenoid bone to the mandible is called the ___
The ligament from the sphenoid bone to the mandible is called the sphenomandibular ligament
Protusion of the mandible is done by ___
Protusion of the mandible is done by lateral pterygoid assisted by the medial pterygoid
Retraction of the mandible is done by ___
Retraction of the mandible is done by posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of the masseter, geniohyoid, and digastric
Elevation of the mandible is done by ___
Elevation of the mandible is done by temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid
Depression of the mandible is done by ___
Depression of the mandible is done by gravity, digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles
The lower head of the lateral pterygoid passes between the __ and the ___
The lower head of the lateral pterygoid passes between the Superficial and deep head of the medial pterygoid*
What are the orbits?
Two bony cavities that house the eyeballs and associated muscles, fasciae, vessels, a considerable amount of fat and lacrimal apparatus
What is the superior relation of the orbit?
The frontal sinus
What is the lateral relation of the orbit?
The temporal fossa
What is the inferior relation of the orbit?
The maxillary sinus
What is the medial relation of the orbit?
The ethmoid air cells and sphenoid air sinus
What is the superior wall of the orbit?
The orbital plate of the frontal bone
What is the lateral wall of the orbit?
The zygomatic bone
What is the floor of the orbit?
The maxilla
What is the medial wall of the orbit?
The orbital plate of the ethmoid
What are the contents of the orbits?
– Eyeball
– Extraocular muscles
– Sensory, motor nerves and vascular supply
– Extraocular fat
____ is the peripheral organ of vision
Eyeball is the peripheral organ of vision
The eyeball is composed of 3 concentric layers of tissue, which encloses the ___ and
The eyeball is composed of 3 concentric layers of tissue, which encloses the lens, vitreous body and aqueous humor
What are the 3 concentric layers of tissue of the eyeball?
- External fibrous tunic
- Middle vascular tunic – uvea
- Internal nervous tunic - retina
___ is composed of cornea and sclera
External fibrous tunic is composed of cornea and sclera
___ is the anterior transparent portion of the fibrous tunic, it is
responsible for most of the light refraction that occurs in the eye
Cornea is the anterior transparent portion of the fibrous tunic, it is responsible for most of the light refraction that occurs in the eye
___ is the posterior opaque (white) part of the fibrous tunic. It receives the tendons of the muscles of the eyeball
Sclera is the posterior opaque (white) part of the fibrous tunic. It receives the tendons of the muscles of the eyeball
____ is the transparent structure enclosed in a capsule and suspended between the aqueous humor and vitreous body by the ciliary zonules
Lens is the transparent structure enclosed in a capsule and suspended between the aqueous humor and vitreous body by the ciliary zonules
What is the vitreous body?
The clear liquid that fills the space posterior to the lens
What is the aqueous humor?
The clear fluid produced by ciliary processes posterior to the iris
____ passes through the pupil to the anterior chamber
Aqueous humor passes through the pupil to the anterior chamber
___ produces nourishment for the cornea and lens
Aqueous humor produces nourishment for the cornea and lens
____ is the innermost layer which contains special receptors cells upon which is projected an inverted image of objects seen
Internal nervous tunic (Retina) is the innermost layer which contains special receptors cells upon which is projected an inverted image of objects seen
What is the choroid in the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?
A brown coat that lines the posterior two thirds of the sclera
What is the ciliary body in the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?
The thickening of the vascular tunic at the level of the corneoscleral junction
____ gives rise to ciliary processes, which produce aqueous humor and give attachment to the suspensory ligaments of the lens
The ciliary body gives rise to ciliary processes, which produce aqueous humor and give attachment to the suspensory ligaments of the lens
___ contains the ciliary muscle, which is responsible for accommodation
The ciliary body contains the ciliary muscle, which is responsible for accommodation
What is the iris in the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?
It divides the space between the cornea and lens into anterior and posterior aqueous chambers
In the iris ____ are responsible for color
In the iris pigment cells are responsible for color
What is the origin of the 4 rectus muscles in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
All 4 muscles originate from a common tendinous ring that surrounds the optic canal and superior orbital fissure.
What is the insertion of the 4 rectus muscles in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
They extend anteriorly to insert into the anterior portion of the sclera.
What is the innervation of the 4 rectus muscles in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
– Superior (CN III)
– Inferior (CN III)
– Medial (CN III)
– Lateral (CN VI)
What is the origin of the superior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
The sphenoid bone passes through the trochlea (cartilaginous sling)
What is the insertion of the superior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
The posteriorlateral aspect of the sclera
What is the innervation of the superior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
CN IV
What is the origin of the inferior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
The anteromedial aspect of the floor of the orbit
What is the insertion of the inferior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
The posterolateral aspect of the sclera
What is the innervation of the inferior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
CN III
What is the sensory nerve of the orbit?
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
What are the 3 divisions of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) that provides sensory input to the input?
- Lacrimal nerve
- Frontal nerve
- Nasociliary nerve
___ is found in the posterior extent of the orbital cavity
Ciliary Ganglion is found in the posterior extent of the orbital cavity
____ contains nerve cell bodies of the postganglionic,
parasympathetic neurons that control the eye
Ciliary ganglion contains nerve cell bodies of the postganglionic, parasympathetic neurons that control the eye
The ciliary ganglion is supported by the ____ and its preganglionic fibers arise from ___
The ciliary ganglion is supported by the trigeminal nerve and its preganglionic fibers arise from CN III
What is the vascular supply of the orbit?
Ophthalmic artery
What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery?
– Lacrimal artery – Supraorbital – Supratrochlear – Central artery of the retina – Ciliary arteries
Where is the lacrimal apparatus located?
The anterior superolateral corner of orbit
What is the lacrimal papillae in the lacrimal apparatus?
Small hillocks at the medial end of each eyelid
What is the lacrimal puncta in the lacrimal apparatus?
Openings of the lacrimal canaliculi at the apex of the
lacrimal papillae
What is the lacrimal canaliculi in the lacrimal apparatus?
Small ducts that extend from lacrimal puncta to the nasolacrimal sac
What is the nasolacrimal sac in the lacrimal apparatus?
Small sac-like structure at the anterior medial margin of
the orbital floor
____ receives the lacrimal canaliculi
Nasolacrimal sac receives the lacrimal canaliculi
____ drains the lacrimal sac into the inferior meatus of the
nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal duct drains the lacrimal sac into the inferior meatus of the
nasal cavity
What are the bones that form the orbits?
Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxillary, Ethmoid and Lacrimal
What are the bones that form the orbits?
Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxillary, Ethmoid and Lacrimal
____ are musculofibrous folds in the front of each eye
Eyelids are musculofibrous folds in the front of each eye
What are the muscles in the eyelids?
– Orbicularis oculi
– Levator palpebrae superioris
____ is the simple apparatus for collection of sound waves
External ear is the simple apparatus for collection of sound waves
What are the components of the external ear?
– Auricle (pinna)
– External auditory canal
– Tympanic membrane
___ is located in the temporal bone and houses the auditory ossicles
Middle Ear is located in the temporal bone and houses the auditory ossicles
The middle ear is internal to the ____ and external to the ___ of the inner ear
The middle ear is internal to the eardrum and external to the oval window of the inner ear
What are the walls of the middle ear?
– Lateral or membranous wall – Roof or tegmental wall – Floor or jugular wall – Medial or labyrintheric wall – Anterior or carotid wall – Posterior or mastoid wall
What are the auditory ossicles (tiny bones) in middle ear?
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)
_____ transmits sounds from the air to the fluid filled labyrinth (cochlea)
The middle ear/auditory ossicles transmits sounds from the air to the fluid filled labyrinth (cochlea)
Absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a ____
Absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing
loss
What are the two components of the inner ear?
- Bony labyrinth
- Membranous labyrinth
What are the components in the bony labyrinth?
– Semicircular canals
– Vestibule
– Cochlea
What are the components in the membranous labyrinth?
– Semicircular canals
– Utricle and saccule
– Cochlear duct
What are the components in the membranous labyrinth?
– Semicircular canals
– Utricle and saccule
– Cochlear duct
What bone is superior to the orbit?
The frontal bone
What bone is posterior to the orbit?
The sphenoid bone
What bone is lateral and inferior to the orbit?
The zygomatic bone
What bone is inferior and medial to the orbit?
The maxillary bone
What bone is posterior and medial to the orbit?
The ethmoid bone
What bone is next to the ethmoid bone in the orbit?
The lacrimal bone
Most of the content of the eye is ___
Most of the content of the eye is vitreous humor
The junction between the sclera and the cornea of the eye is called the ___
The junction between the sclera and the cornea of the eye is called the conjunctiva
The junction between the sclera and the cornea of the eye is called the ___
The junction between the sclera and the cornea of the eye is called the conjunctiva
The superior oblique muscle is more ___ than the inferior oblique muscle
The superior oblique muscle is more tendinous than the inferior oblique muscle
Most of the blood supply of the eye comes from the ___ via the ___
Most of the blood supply of the eye comes from the internal carotid artery via the ophthalmic artery
The membranous labyrinth is ___ the bony labyrinth
The membranous labyrinth is inside the bony labyrinth
The semicircular canals in the membranous labyrinth has a ____ in it
The semicircular canals in the membranous labyrinth has a cristae ampullaris in it
The utricle and saccule in the membranous labyrinth has a ____ in it
The utricle and saccule in the membranous labyrinth has a macculae in it
The cochlear duct in the membranous labyrinth has a ____ in it
The cochlear duct in the membranous labyrinth has a organ of corti in it
The bony labyrinth is also called the ____ or the ___
The bony labyrinth is also called the osseous labyrinth or the otic capsule
_____ is the rigid bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone
The bony labyrinth is the rigid bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone
The semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea of the bony labyrinth is lined by ____ and has a clear fluid called the ___ in which the membranous labyrinth is situated
The semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea of the bony labyrinth is lined by periosteum and has a clear fluid called the perilymph in which the membranous labyrinth is situated
The ____ in the membranous labyrinth is a receptor for the senses of equilibrium
The semicircular canals in the membranous labyrinth is a receptor for the senses of equilibrium
The ____ in the membranous labyrinth is a receptor for the senses of hearing
The cochlear duct in the membranous labyrinth is a receptor for the senses of hearing
The fluid inside the membranous labyrinth is called the ____
The fluid inside the membranous labyrinth is called the endolymph
What lines the walls of the membranous labyrinth?
The cochlear nerve, one of the 2 branches of the vestibularcochlear nerve, and the vestibular nerve
The receptor sound found in the inner ear are located in the ___
The receptor sound found in the inner ear are located in the membranous labyrinth
What is the tympanic membrane?
The ear drum
What does the eustacian tube do?
Equalizes pressure in the ear
____ is the storage for endolymph and it helps transmit sound, tell about rotation and spin
Endolymphatic sac is the storage for endolymph and it helps transmit sound, tell about rotation and spin
The internal carotid artery goes through the ___ wall of the inner ear
The internal carotid artery goes through the anterior wall of the inner ear
The jugular vein is in the ___ of the ear
The jugular vein is in the floor of the ear
The ____ muscle helps pull and open the eustacian tube
The levator veli palatini muscle helps pull and open the eustacian tube
What does the oval window in the bony labyrinth do?
Transmits sounds in
What does the round window in the bony labyrinth do?
Allows sounds to dissipate out
