Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 layers of tissue found in the scalp?
A
- Skin
- Connective tissue
- Epicranial aponeurosis
- Loose connective tissue
- Peristeum of the cranium
2
Q
____ contains a large number of blood vessels in the scalp
A
Connective tissue contains a large number of blood vessels in the scalp
3
Q
____ is a strong membranous tendon connecting the
anteriorly placed frontalis muscle and the posteriorly placed occipitalis
A
Epicranial aponeurosis is a strong membranous tendon connecting the anteriorly placed frontalis muscle and the posteriorly placed occipitalis
4
Q
____ allows the outer three layers to move freely over the skull.
A
Loose connective tissue allows the outer three layers to move freely over the skull.
5
Q
What do the walls of the cranial cavity consist of ?
A
Consist of inner and outer tables of compact bone that are separated by spongy bone called diploë
6
Q
What are the cranial meninges?
A
Three membranes that surround the brain and are continuous with the meninges of the spinal cord.
7
Q
_____ mater is fused to the periosteum, therefore it is considered to have two
parts
A
Dura mater meninge is fused to the periosteum, therefore it is considered to have two
parts
8
Q
What are the two parts of the dura mater?
A
- Periosteal dura
- Meningeal dura
9
Q
___ dura is continuous with the periosteum of the inner surface of the skull
A
Periosteal dura is continuous with the periosteum of the inner surface of the skull
10
Q
The meningeal dura is continuous with the dura of the ____
A
The meningeal dura is continuous with the dura of the spinal cord
11
Q
____ mater is a delicate membrane that lines the inner surface of the dura.
A
Arachnoid mater is a delicate membrane that lines the inner surface of the meningeal dura.
12
Q
What is the arachnoid trabeculae?
A
Fine extensions that span across the subdural space and attach to the pia mater.
13
Q
What is the pia mater?
A
Vascular delicate membrane that attaches to the brain.
14
Q
True or False
The subdural space of the brain and spinal cord are the same
A
True
15
Q
The separation of ___ from ___ creates channels that are lined with an ___ and receive veins that drains the ___ and the ___
A
The separation of meningeal dura from periosteal dura creates channels that are lined with an endothelium and receive veins that drain the brain and the meninges.
16
Q
The channels created by the separation of the meningeal dura from periosteal dura are in effect venous channels responsible for draining the
____
A
The channels created by the separation of the meningeal dura from periosteal dura are in effect venous channels responsible for draining the
contents of the cranial cavity.
17
Q
At other locations, the meningeal dura form folds that dip into ___ between parts of the brain.
A
At other locations, the meningeal dura form folds that dip into fissures between parts of the brain.
18
Q
What are the 4 dural folds?
A
- Falx cerebri
- Falx cerebelli
- Tentorium cerebelli
- Diaphragma sellae
19
Q
___ is the vertical dural fold between the right and left cerebral hemisphere
A
The falx cerebri is the vertical dural fold between the right and left cerebral hemisphere
20
Q
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
A
A horizontal fold between the cerebrum and the cerebellum underneath it
21
Q
____ dural fold is under the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli, is a vertical dural fold that separates the right and left cerebellum/cereberal lobes
A
Falx cerebelli dural fold is under the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli, is a vertical dural fold that separates the right and left cerebellum lobes
22
Q
The ____ is a circular dural fold that surrounds the pituitary gland that sits in the sella tucica
A
The diaphragm sellae is a circular dural fold that surrounds the pituitary gland that sits in the sella tucica
23
Q
What are the dural sinuses?
A
- Superior sagittal sinus
- Inferior sagittal sinus
- Transverse sinus
- Occipital sinus
- Cavernous sinuses
- Superior petrosal sinus
- Inferior petrosal sinus
- Sigmoid sinus
- Straight sinus
24
Q
Blood in the superior sagittal sinus drains into the ___
A
Blood in the superior sagittal sinus drains into the confluence of the sinus
25
In order to get into the confluence, blood in the inferior sagittal sinus travels along the ___
In order to get into the confluence, blood in the inferior sagittal sinus travels along the *straight sinus*
26
The occipital sinus drains blood from the ___
The occipital sinus drains blood from the *occipital lobes and from where the cerebellum is going to be*
27
The superior petrosal sinus drains towards the ____
The superior petrosal sinus drains towards the *transverse sinus*
28
The inferior petrosal sinus drains towards the ____
The inferior petrosal sinus drains towards the *sigmoid sinus*
29
What sinus can get drainage from the face and the cranium?
The cavernous sinus
30
The cranial fossa can be divided into ___
The cranial fossa can be divided into *anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa*
31
The bones of the skull can be thought of as the ___
The bones of the skull can be thought of as the *neural cranium*
32
What are the bones of the skull?
1. Occipital
2. Sphenoid
3. Frontal
4. Parietal
5. Temporal
6. Ethmoid
33
The orbitomeatal plane is the plane between the ___ and the ___
The orbitomeatal plane is the plane between the *orbit* and the *external auditory meatus*
34
What are the lines along the parietal bones called?
Superior and inferior temporal lines
35
The inferior temporal line is where the ___ attaches
The inferior temporal line is where the *temporal muscle* attaches
36
The superior temporal line is where the ___ attaches
The superior temporal line is where the *temporal fascia* attaches
37
The suture that connect the parietal bone to the temporal bone is called the ____
The suture that connect the parietal bone to the temporal bone is called the *squamosal suture*
38
The suture that connect the parietal bone to the occipital bone is called the ____
The suture that connect the parietal bone to the occipital bone is called the *lambdoidal suture*
39
The mastoid process is on the ___ bone
The mastoid process is on the *temporal* bone
40
The ___ suture joins both of the parietal bones
The *sagittal* suture joins both of the parietal bones
41
The junction of the sagittal suture with the lambdoidal suture is called the ___
The junction of the sagittal suture with the lambdoidal suture is called the *lambda*
42
The superior and inferior nuchal lines are found on the ___ bone
The superior and inferior nuchal lines are found on the *occipital* bone
43
What are the bones of the face?
1. Palatine
2. Zygomatic
3. Nasal
4. Vomer
5. Maxillae
6. Mandible
44
The ___ is at the junction of the eyebrows
The *glabella* is at the junction of the eyebrows
45
Where the sutures of the frontal bone joins to the nasal bone is called the ___
Where the sutures of the frontal bone joins to the nasal bone is called the *nasion*
46
The ___ suture joins the two nasal bones
The *internasal* suture joins the two nasal bones
47
The ___ suture connects the two maxilla bones
The *intermaxillary* suture connects the two maxilla bones
48
The mandible is a ___
The mandible is a *symphysis*
49
The hole above the superior part of the orbit/hole of the eye is called the ____
The hole above the superior part of the orbit/hole of the eye is called the *supraorbital foramen*
50
___ passes through the supraorbital foramen
*The supraorbital membrane* passes through the supraorbital foramen
51
The infraorbital foramen is in the ___
The infraorbital foramen is in the *maxilla*
52
The mental foramen is in the ___ and contains the ___
The mental foramen is in the *mandible* and contains the *mandibular membrane*
53
The roof of the mouth is the ____
The roof of the mouth is the *palatine process of the maxilla*
54
What are the 2 parts of the palatine bone?
The greater and lesser palatine foramen
55
The ____ forms the temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)
The *mandibular fossa* forms the temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)
56
The internal carotid goes through the ___
The internal carotid goes through the *carotid canal*
57
What all forms the sphenoid bone?
The greater and lesser wing, the body and the dorsum sellae
58
What are the two parts of the temporal bone?
- Squamous part
| - Petrous part
59
What are the parts of the occipital bone?
- Basilar
- Lateral
- Squamous
60
There is usually nothing in the foramen cecum, but in 1% of the population the ___ passes through it
There is usually nothing in the foramen cecum, but in 1% of the population the *nasal emissary vein* passes through it
61
What are the contents of the cribriform foramina in the cribriform plate?
Axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves
62
What passes through the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina?
The vessels and nerves of the anterior and posterior ethmoid
63
What goes through the optic canals?
Optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
64
What goes through the superior orbital fissure?
Ophthalmic veins; ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), CN III, IV, and VI and sympathetic fibers
65
The maxillary nerve (CN V2) goes through the ___
The maxillary nerve (CN V2) goes through the *foramen rotundum*
66
What passes through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery
67
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3
68
What passes through the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid artery and its acompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses
69
The grater petroseal nerve and petroseal branch of middle meningeal artery passes through the ___
The grater petroseal nerve and petroseal branch of middle meningeal artery passes through the *groove or hiatus of greater petroseal nerve*
70
The optic canals, groove or hiatus of greater petroseal nerve, foramen lacerum, foramen spinosum, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, and the superior orbital fissure are all in the ____ cranial fossa
The optic canals, groove or hiatus of greater petroseal nerve, foramen lacerum, foramen spinosum, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, and the superior orbital fissure are all in the *middle* cranial fossa
71
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, dural veins, and anterior and posterior spinal arteries
72
What passes through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, and XI, superior bulb of internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses, and meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
73
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes through the ___
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes through the *hypoglossal canal*
74
What passes through the condylar canal?
Emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in the neck
75
What passes through the mastoid foramen?
Mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery
76
What is the distribution/branches of the facial nerve CN VII?
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal mandibular
- Cervical
77
What is the largest salivary gland?
The parotid gland
78
The anterior aspect of the head bounded posteriorly by the ears, superiorly by the hairline, and inferiorly by the chin is known as the ___
The anterior aspect of the head bounded posteriorly by the ears, superiorly by the hairline, and inferiorly by the chin is known as the *face*
79
What encompasses the face?
Ears, eyes, nose, and mouth
80
All the muscles of the face get their motor innervation from ___
All the muscles of the face get their motor innervation from *Facial nerve (CN VII)*
81
____ muscle covers parts of the skull and serves facial expressions
*Occipitofrontalis* muscle covers parts of the skull and serves facial expressions
82
____ encircles the mouth, causes mouth closure, pursing or puckering of lips, chewing and speaking.
*Orbicularis oris* encircles the mouth, causes mouth closure, pursing or puckering of lips, chewing and speaking.
83
____ is located in the cheek and is important for mastication.
*Buccinator* is located in the cheek and is important for mastication.
84
What muscle maintains the skin against the teeth during chewing and aids with whistling and sucking?
The Buccinator
85
_____ is a very thin muscle that arises from the skin of the face and mandible and descends into the superficial fascia of the neck
*Platysma* is a very thin muscle that arises from the skin of the face and mandible and descends into the superficial fascia of the neck
86
Where does the platysma insert?
Over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
87
Action of the platysma
It tenses the skin of the
| neck
88
____ muscle arises from the zygomatic arch
*Zygomaticus major* muscle arises from the zygomatic arch
89
Where does the zygomaticus major insert?
Into the corner of the mouth.
90
What is the action of the zygomaticus major?
It pulls the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly as in laughing.
91
Where does the zygomaticus minor arise from?
Arises from the zygomatic bone and continues with orbicularis oculi on the lateral face of the levator labii superioris
92
Where does the zygomaticus minor insert?
Into the outer part of the upper lip.
93
Action of zygomaticus minor
It draws the upper lip backward, upward and outward as in smiling
94
____ is a small pyramidal slip of muscle arising from fascia covering the lower part of the nasal bone and upper part of lateral nasal cartilage
*Procerus* is a small pyramidal slip of muscle arising from fascia covering the lower part of the nasal bone and upper part of lateral nasal cartilage
95
Procerus inserts into the ___
Procerus inserts into the * skin over the lower part of the forehead between the two eyebrows*
96
Action of procerus
It pulls the skin between the eyebrows downwards which assists in flaring the nostrils, and can also contribute to the expression of anger
97
____ is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilages and to flare the nostrils.
*Nasalis* is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilages and to flare the nostrils.
98
____ muscle arises from the nasal part of frontal bone; frontal process of maxilla; and anterior surface of medial palpebral ligament
*Orbicularis occuli* muscle arises from the nasal part of frontal bone; frontal process of maxilla; and anterior surface of medial palpebral ligament
99
What does the orbicularis occuli form?
Forms a broad and thin layer which occupies eyelids
100
Orbicularis occuli surrounds the ____ and ___
Orbicularis occuli surrounds the *circumference of the orbit and closes the eyelid*
101
____ is located at medial end of eyebrow deep to frontalis and just above orbicularis occuli
*Corrugator supercilii* is located at medial end of eyebrow deep to frontalis and just above orbicularis occuli
102
Corrugator supercilii is known as the ___
Corrugator supercilii is known as the *wrinkler of the eyebrows*
103
Depressor anguli oris arises from ___
Depressor anguli oris arises from *oblique line of mandible*
104
Depressor anguli oris inserts into ___
Depressor anguli oris inserts into *the angle of the mouth*
105
Action of the Depressor anguli oris
Depresses the corner of the mouth as in frowning
106
The facial nerve CN VII, exits the ____ and enters the ___. Within the gland it divides and gives rise to __ major branches
The facial nerve CN VII, exits the *stylomastoid foramen and enters the parotid gland.* Within the gland it divides and gives rise to *five* major branches
107
___ branch of the facial nerve goes to the orbital and forehead
*Temporal* branch of the facial nerve goes to the orbital and forehead
108
Where does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve go?
To the zygomatic, orbital, infraorbital regions
109
Where does the buccal branch of the facial nerve go?
To the cheek and upper lip
110
Where does the mandibular branch of the facial nerve go?
Lower lip and chin
111
Where does the cervical branch of the facial nerve go?
To the neck for innervation of platysma
112
Sensory innervation of the face occurs via the __ and ___ from the cervical plexus
Sensory innervation of the face occurs via the *5th cranial nerve and the great auricular nerve* from the cervical plexus
113
Which division(s) of the 5th cranial nerve supplies the face?
- Ophthalmic division
- Maxillary division
- Mandibular division
114
___ nerve supplies the areas anterior, inferior and posterior to the ear
*Great auricular nerve* supplies the areas anterior, inferior and posterior to the ear
115
The primary arterial supplier of the face is the ___
The primary arterial supplier of the face is the *Facial artery*
116
The facial artery arises from the ____. It gives rise to the following branches: __
The facial artery arises from the *external carotid.* It gives rise to the following branches: *Superficial temporal artery*
117
The superficial temporal artery is a ____. It gives rise to the ____.
The superficial temporal artery is a *terminal branch of the external carotid.* It gives rise to the *transverse facial artery. *
118
The primary venous drainage of the face is the ____
The primary venous drainage of the face is the *facial vein*
119
The facial vein is joined by the ___ and drains into the ___
The facial vein is joined by the *anterior division of the retromandibular vein* and drains into the *internal jugular vein*
120
What are the individual sensory nerves of the ophthalmic division that innervates the forehead, brows, eyelids, nasal canal and nose?
- Supraorbital
- Supratrochlear
- Infratrochlear
- Lacrimal (most lateral)
- Nasal (most medial)
121
What are the individual sensory nerves of the maxillary division that innervates face?
- Zygomaticotemporal
- Zygomaticofacial
- Infraorbital
122
What are the individual sensory nerves of the mandibular division that innervates face?
- Auriculotemporal
- Buccal
- Mental
123
The internal and external carotid artery splits at the ____
The internal and external carotid artery splits at the *carotid sinus*
124
The facial artery gives off the ___ and ___ artery that supplies the lips
The facial artery gives off the *superior and inferior labial* artery that supplies the lips
125
The facial artery gives off the ____ that supplies the lateral side of the nose
The facial artery gives off the *lateral nasal artery* that supplies the lateral side of the nose
126
The facial artery gives off the ____ that supplies the maxilla
The facial artery gives off the *maxillary* that supplies the maxilla
127
___ is also part of the venous drainage of the face, and it comes from the forehead
*Superficial temporal vein* is also part of the venous drainage of the face, and it comes from the forehead
128
The superficial temporal vein is joined by the ___ and together they form the ___
The superficial temporal vein is joined by the *maxillary vein* and together they form the *retromandibular vein*
129
The retromandibular and posterior auricular vein form the ____
The retromandibular and posterior auricular vein form the *external jugular
vein*
130
Where is the parotid gland located?
Located anterior and inferior to the ear
131
The parotid duct extends from the gland to the ___ penetrating the ___ muscle to allow ___ to enter the mouth
The parotid duct extends from the gland to the *oral cavity* penetrating the *buccinator* muscle to allow *saliva* to enter the mouth
132
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the parotid gland are carried by the ____
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the parotid gland are carried by the *glossopharyngeal nerve*
133
Synapse of the preganglionic to postganglionic nerve fibers of the parotid gland occurs in the ___.
Synapse of the preganglionic to postganglionic nerve fibers of the parotid gland occurs in the *otic ganglion.*
134
_ nerve carries postganglionic nerve fibers to the parotid gland
*Auriculotemporal* nerve carries postganglionic nerve fibers to the parotid gland
135
The temporal fossa is located on the ____
The temporal fossa is located on the * lateral side of the skull*
136
What bounds the temporal fossa?
Bounded by the temporal lines superiorly and the zygomatic arch inferiorly
137
Origin of the temporalis muscle
Floor of temporal fossa
138
Insertion of the temporalis muscle
Coronoid process of the mandible
139
Innervation of the temporalis muscle
Mandibular nerve, CN V3
140
Action of the temporalis muscle
Elevation and retraction of the
| mandible for mastication
141
Origin of the masseter muscle
Zygomatic arch
142
Insertion of the masseter muscle
Lateral surface of the ramus, coronoid process and angle of mandible
143
Innervation of the masseter muscle
Mandibular nerve, CN V3
144
Action of the masseter muscle
Elevation of mandible for
| mastication
145
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid
146
The 4 muscles of mastication move the lower jaw at the
| ____ joint
The 4 muscles of mastication move the lower jaw at the
| *temporomandibular* joint
147
Masseter is ____ to the
| infratemporal fossa
Masseter is *lateral* to the
| infratemporal fossa,
148
Medial and lateral pterygoid are in the ___
Medial and lateral pterygoid are in the *infratemporal fossa*
149
Temporalis fills the ___
Temporalis fills the *temporal fossa*
150
The ____ fossa is inferior to the temporal fossa and partially covered by the masseter
The *infratemporal* fossa is inferior to the temporal fossa and partially covered by the masseter
151
What is the anterior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
The maxilla
152
What is the posterior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
The condylar process of the mandible
153
What is the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
The lateral pterygoid plate
154
What is the lateral boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
The ramus of the mandible
155
What is the origin of the lateral pterygoid?
Greater wing of the sphenoid
| and lateral pterygoid plate
156
What is the insertion of the lateral pterygoid?
Neck of the mandible and disc of the TMJ
157
What is the innervation of the lateral pterygoid?
Mandibular nerve, V3
158
What is the action of the lateral pterygoid?
Bilaterally protrudes mandible;
| Unilaterally moves mandible side to side
159
What is the origin of the medial pterygoid?
Lateral pterygoid plate, maxilla
160
What is the insertion of the medial pterygoid?
Medial surface of the angle of the mandible
161
What is the innervation of the medial pterygoid?
Mandibular nerve, V3
162
What is the action of the medial pterygoid?
Elevation and protrudes the
| mandible; unilaterally moves the mandible side to side
163
The mandibular nerve sends muscular branches to the ___, ___ and ___
The mandibular nerve sends muscular branches to the *temporalis, masseter, and pterygoids*
164
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the mylohyoid which innervates ___
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the mylohyoid which innervates *the mylohyoid and digastric muscles*
165
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the lingual nerve which provides sensation to the ___
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the lingual nerve which provides sensation to the *anterior 2/3 of the tongue*
166
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the buccal nerve which provides sensory innervation to the ___
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the buccal nerve which provides sensory innervation to the *lower cheek and gums*
167
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the inferior alveolar which provides sensory to the ___
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the inferior alveolar which provides sensory to the *mandibular teeth and terminates as the mental nerve*
168
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the auriculotemporal which carries ___ to the parotid gland
The mandibular nerve sends a nerve to the auriculotemporal which carries * postganglionic parasympathetic fibers* to the parotid gland
169
What is the artery of the mandible?
External carotid artery
170
What are the branches that the external carotid artery give off?
- Superficial temporal artery
| - Maxillary artery
171
What are the branches of the maxillary artery?
```
–Deep temporal a.
–Muscular branches to masseter and pterygoid
–Inferior alveolar
–Buccal branch
–Middle meningeal a.
```
172
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a ___ joint with loose fibrous capsule
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a *synovial* joint with loose fibrous capsule
173
TMJ is the articulation of the
| head of the mandible with the ___ and ____
TMJ is the articulation of the
head of the mandible with the *mandibular fossa and articular
tubercle of the temporal bone*
174
____ is the thickening of the lateral capsule
*Temporomandibular ligament* is the thickening of the lateral capsule
175
The articular disc of the TMJ is found ____
The articular disc of the TMJ is found *between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa*
176
The articular disc of the TMJ is more intimately associated with the ___ and therefore moves with the ____ during opening and closing of the mouth.
The articular disc of the TMJ is more intimately associated with the *head of the mandible* and therefore moves with the *head of the mandible as it slides anteriorly* during opening and closing of the mouth.
177
Hinge movements of the TMJ is between the ___
Hinge movements of the TMJ is between the *head of mandible and disc*
178
Sliding movements of the TMJ is between the ___
Sliding movements of the TMJ is between the *disc and mandibular fossa*
179
The ligament from the styloid process to the mandible is called the ___
The ligament from the styloid process to the mandible is called the *stylomandibular ligament*
180
The ligament from the sphenoid bone to the mandible is called the ___
The ligament from the sphenoid bone to the mandible is called the *sphenomandibular ligament*
181
Protusion of the mandible is done by ___
Protusion of the mandible is done by *lateral pterygoid assisted by the medial pterygoid*
182
Retraction of the mandible is done by ___
Retraction of the mandible is done by *posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of the masseter, geniohyoid, and digastric*
183
Elevation of the mandible is done by ___
Elevation of the mandible is done by *temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid*
184
Depression of the mandible is done by ___
Depression of the mandible is done by *gravity, digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles*
185
The lower head of the lateral pterygoid passes between the __ and the ___
The lower head of the lateral pterygoid passes between the Superficial and deep head of the medial pterygoid*
186
What are the orbits?
Two bony cavities that house the eyeballs and associated muscles, fasciae, vessels, a considerable amount of fat and lacrimal apparatus
187
What is the superior relation of the orbit?
The frontal sinus
188
What is the lateral relation of the orbit?
The temporal fossa
189
What is the inferior relation of the orbit?
The maxillary sinus
190
What is the medial relation of the orbit?
The ethmoid air cells and sphenoid air sinus
191
What is the superior wall of the orbit?
The orbital plate of the frontal bone
192
What is the lateral wall of the orbit?
The zygomatic bone
193
What is the floor of the orbit?
The maxilla
194
What is the medial wall of the orbit?
The orbital plate of the ethmoid
195
What are the contents of the orbits?
– Eyeball
– Extraocular muscles
– Sensory, motor nerves and vascular supply
– Extraocular fat
196
____ is the peripheral organ of vision
*Eyeball* is the peripheral organ of vision
197
The eyeball is composed of 3 concentric layers of tissue, which encloses the ___ and
The eyeball is composed of 3 concentric layers of tissue, which encloses the *lens, vitreous body and aqueous humor*
198
What are the 3 concentric layers of tissue of the eyeball?
1. External fibrous tunic
2. Middle vascular tunic – uvea
3. Internal nervous tunic - retina
199
___ is composed of cornea and sclera
*External fibrous tunic* is composed of cornea and sclera
200
___ is the anterior transparent portion of the fibrous tunic, it is
responsible for most of the light refraction that occurs in the eye
*Cornea* is the anterior transparent portion of the fibrous tunic, it is responsible for most of the light refraction that occurs in the eye
201
___ is the posterior opaque (white) part of the fibrous tunic. It receives the tendons of the muscles of the eyeball
*Sclera* is the posterior opaque (white) part of the fibrous tunic. It receives the tendons of the muscles of the eyeball
202
____ is the transparent structure enclosed in a capsule and suspended between the aqueous humor and vitreous body by the ciliary zonules
*Lens* is the transparent structure enclosed in a capsule and suspended between the aqueous humor and vitreous body by the ciliary zonules
203
What is the vitreous body?
The clear liquid that fills the space posterior to the lens
204
What is the aqueous humor?
The clear fluid produced by ciliary processes posterior to the iris
205
____ passes through the pupil to the anterior chamber
*Aqueous humor* passes through the pupil to the anterior chamber
206
___ produces nourishment for the cornea and lens
*Aqueous humor* produces nourishment for the cornea and lens
207
____ is the innermost layer which contains special receptors cells upon which is projected an inverted image of objects seen
*Internal nervous tunic (Retina)* is the innermost layer which contains special receptors cells upon which is projected an inverted image of objects seen
208
What is the choroid in the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?
A brown coat that lines the posterior two thirds of the sclera
209
What is the ciliary body in the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?
The thickening of the vascular tunic at the level of the corneoscleral junction
210
____ gives rise to ciliary processes, which produce aqueous humor and give attachment to the suspensory ligaments of the lens
*The ciliary body* gives rise to ciliary processes, which produce aqueous humor and give attachment to the suspensory ligaments of the lens
211
___ contains the ciliary muscle, which is responsible for accommodation
*The ciliary body* contains the ciliary muscle, which is responsible for accommodation
212
What is the iris in the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?
It divides the space between the cornea and lens into anterior and posterior aqueous chambers
213
In the iris ____ are responsible for color
In the iris *pigment cells* are responsible for color
214
What is the origin of the 4 rectus muscles in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
All 4 muscles originate from a common tendinous ring that surrounds the optic canal and superior orbital fissure.
215
What is the insertion of the 4 rectus muscles in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
They extend anteriorly to insert into the anterior portion of the sclera.
216
What is the innervation of the 4 rectus muscles in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
– Superior (CN III)
– Inferior (CN III)
– Medial (CN III)
– Lateral (CN VI)
217
What is the origin of the superior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
The sphenoid bone passes through the trochlea (cartilaginous sling)
218
What is the insertion of the superior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
The posteriorlateral aspect of the sclera
219
What is the innervation of the superior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
CN IV
220
What is the origin of the inferior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
The anteromedial aspect of the floor of the orbit
221
What is the insertion of the inferior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
The posterolateral aspect of the sclera
222
What is the innervation of the inferior oblique in the eye (extraocular muscles)?
CN III
223
What is the sensory nerve of the orbit?
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
224
What are the 3 divisions of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) that provides sensory input to the input?
* Lacrimal nerve
* Frontal nerve
* Nasociliary nerve
225
___ is found in the posterior extent of the orbital cavity
*Ciliary Ganglion* is found in the posterior extent of the orbital cavity
226
____ contains nerve cell bodies of the postganglionic,
| parasympathetic neurons that control the eye
*Ciliary ganglion* contains nerve cell bodies of the postganglionic, parasympathetic neurons that control the eye
227
The ciliary ganglion is supported by the ____ and its preganglionic fibers arise from ___
The ciliary ganglion is supported by the *trigeminal nerve* and its preganglionic fibers arise from *CN III*
228
What is the vascular supply of the orbit?
Ophthalmic artery
229
What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery?
```
– Lacrimal artery
– Supraorbital
– Supratrochlear
– Central artery of the retina
– Ciliary arteries
```
230
Where is the lacrimal apparatus located?
The anterior superolateral corner of orbit
231
What is the lacrimal papillae in the lacrimal apparatus?
Small hillocks at the medial end of each eyelid
232
What is the lacrimal puncta in the lacrimal apparatus?
Openings of the lacrimal canaliculi at the apex of the
| lacrimal papillae
233
What is the lacrimal canaliculi in the lacrimal apparatus?
Small ducts that extend from lacrimal puncta to the nasolacrimal sac
234
What is the nasolacrimal sac in the lacrimal apparatus?
Small sac-like structure at the anterior medial margin of
| the orbital floor
235
____ receives the lacrimal canaliculi
*Nasolacrimal sac* receives the lacrimal canaliculi
236
____ drains the lacrimal sac into the inferior meatus of the
| nasal cavity
*Nasolacrimal duct* drains the lacrimal sac into the inferior meatus of the
nasal cavity
237
What are the bones that form the orbits?
Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxillary, Ethmoid and Lacrimal
238
What are the bones that form the orbits?
Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxillary, Ethmoid and Lacrimal
239
____ are musculofibrous folds in the front of each eye
*Eyelids* are musculofibrous folds in the front of each eye
240
What are the muscles in the eyelids?
– Orbicularis oculi
| – Levator palpebrae superioris
241
____ is the simple apparatus for collection of sound waves
*External ear* is the simple apparatus for collection of sound waves
242
What are the components of the external ear?
– Auricle (pinna)
– External auditory canal
– Tympanic membrane
243
___ is located in the temporal bone and houses the auditory ossicles
*Middle Ear* is located in the temporal bone and houses the auditory ossicles
244
The middle ear is internal to the ____ and external to the ___ of the inner ear
The middle ear is internal to the *eardrum* and external to the *oval window* of the inner ear
245
What are the walls of the middle ear?
```
– Lateral or membranous wall
– Roof or tegmental wall
– Floor or jugular wall
– Medial or labyrintheric wall
– Anterior or carotid wall
– Posterior or mastoid wall
```
246
What are the auditory ossicles (tiny bones) in middle ear?
* Malleus (hammer)
* Incus (anvil)
* Stapes (stirrup)
247
_____ transmits sounds from the air to the fluid filled labyrinth (cochlea)
*The middle ear/auditory ossicles* transmits sounds from the air to the fluid filled labyrinth (cochlea)
248
Absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a ____
Absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a *moderate-to-severe hearing
loss*
249
What are the two components of the inner ear?
- Bony labyrinth
| - Membranous labyrinth
250
What are the components in the bony labyrinth?
– Semicircular canals
– Vestibule
– Cochlea
251
What are the components in the membranous labyrinth?
– Semicircular canals
– Utricle and saccule
– Cochlear duct
252
What are the components in the membranous labyrinth?
– Semicircular canals
– Utricle and saccule
– Cochlear duct
253
What bone is superior to the orbit?
The frontal bone
254
What bone is posterior to the orbit?
The sphenoid bone
255
What bone is lateral and inferior to the orbit?
The zygomatic bone
256
What bone is inferior and medial to the orbit?
The maxillary bone
257
What bone is posterior and medial to the orbit?
The ethmoid bone
258
What bone is next to the ethmoid bone in the orbit?
The lacrimal bone
259
Most of the content of the eye is ___
Most of the content of the eye is *vitreous humor*
260
The junction between the sclera and the cornea of the eye is called the ___
The junction between the sclera and the cornea of the eye is called the *conjunctiva*
261
The junction between the sclera and the cornea of the eye is called the ___
The junction between the sclera and the cornea of the eye is called the *conjunctiva*
262
The superior oblique muscle is more ___ than the inferior oblique muscle
The superior oblique muscle is more *tendinous* than the inferior oblique muscle
263
Most of the blood supply of the eye comes from the ___ via the ___
Most of the blood supply of the eye comes from the *internal carotid artery* via the *ophthalmic artery*
264
The membranous labyrinth is ___ the bony labyrinth
The membranous labyrinth is *inside* the bony labyrinth
265
The semicircular canals in the membranous labyrinth has a ____ in it
The semicircular canals in the membranous labyrinth has a *cristae ampullaris* in it
266
The utricle and saccule in the membranous labyrinth has a ____ in it
The utricle and saccule in the membranous labyrinth has a *macculae* in it
267
The cochlear duct in the membranous labyrinth has a ____ in it
The cochlear duct in the membranous labyrinth has a *organ of corti* in it
268
The bony labyrinth is also called the ____ or the ___
The bony labyrinth is also called the *osseous labyrinth or the otic capsule*
269
_____ is the rigid bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone
*The bony labyrinth* is the rigid bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone
270
The semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea of the bony labyrinth is lined by ____ and has a clear fluid called the ___ in which the membranous labyrinth is situated
The semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea of the bony labyrinth is lined by *periosteum* and has a clear fluid called the *perilymph* in which the membranous labyrinth is situated
271
The ____ in the membranous labyrinth is a receptor for the senses of equilibrium
The *semicircular canals* in the membranous labyrinth is a receptor for the senses of equilibrium
272
The ____ in the membranous labyrinth is a receptor for the senses of hearing
The *cochlear duct* in the membranous labyrinth is a receptor for the senses of hearing
273
The fluid inside the membranous labyrinth is called the ____
The fluid inside the membranous labyrinth is called the *endolymph*
274
What lines the walls of the membranous labyrinth?
The cochlear nerve, one of the 2 branches of the vestibularcochlear nerve, and the vestibular nerve
275
The receptor sound found in the inner ear are located in the ___
The receptor sound found in the inner ear are located in the *membranous labyrinth*
276
What is the tympanic membrane?
The ear drum
277
What does the eustacian tube do?
Equalizes pressure in the ear
278
____ is the storage for endolymph and it helps transmit sound, tell about rotation and spin
*Endolymphatic sac* is the storage for endolymph and it helps transmit sound, tell about rotation and spin
279
The internal carotid artery goes through the ___ wall of the inner ear
The internal carotid artery goes through the *anterior* wall of the inner ear
280
The jugular vein is in the ___ of the ear
The jugular vein is in the *floor* of the ear
281
The ____ muscle helps pull and open the eustacian tube
The *levator veli palatini* muscle helps pull and open the eustacian tube
282
What does the oval window in the bony labyrinth do?
Transmits sounds in
283
What does the round window in the bony labyrinth do?
Allows sounds to dissipate out
