Week 3 Flashcards
1
Q
The raised ridges along the lateral sides of the superior vertebral plateau are from the ____
A
The raised ridges along the lateral sides of the superior vertebral plateau are from the uncinate processes
2
Q
The uncinate processes from the superior and inferior vertebral form ___
A
The uncinate processes from the superior and inferior process form unciform joints
3
Q
Why aren’t unciform joints considered synovial?
A
They lack hyaline cartilage, subcontral bone, synovium and a joint capsule
4
Q
Where does the facet/ZPJ joints of the superior vertebra face?
A
Upwards and backwards
5
Q
Where does the facet/ZPJ joints of the inferior vertebra face?
A
Forward and downward
6
Q
ZPJ’s together with the uncovertebral Joints
considered to make an important contribution to stability by ___ and thereby, protecting the IVD from severe torsion strain
A
ZPJ’s together with the uncovertebral Joints
considered to make an important contribution to stability by restraining excessive movement and thereby, protecting the IVD from severe torsion strain
7
Q
ZPJ’s in ____ spine do not protect IVD as much as they do in ___ Spine
A
ZPJ’s in Cervical spine do not protect IVD as much as they do in Lumbar Spine
8
Q
The uncovertebral/unciform joints are also known as the ___ or the ___
A
The uncovertebral/unciform joints are also known as the Joints of Luschka or the lateral interbody joints
9
Q
The Uncinate processes grow upwards
from the ___ aspect of each lateral
vertebral margin towards the vertebral
body above
A
The Uncinate processes grow upwards
from the superior aspect of each lateral
vertebral margin towards the vertebral
body above
10
Q
The uncinate processes grow from the ___
A
The uncinate processes grow from the * loose vascular fibrous tissue lateral to the annulus*
11
Q
The uncinate processes have grown enough by age 7 – 8 yrs to form a sort of ____ on each side of the disc
A
The uncinate processes have grown enough by age 7 – 8 yrs to form a sort of adventitious joint (UV joint) on each side of the disc
12
Q
UV joint lined by ___ and a thin
fibrous “capsule” limits each joint cleft
laterally
A
UV joint lined by fibrocartilage and a thin
fibrous “capsule” limits each joint cleft
laterally
13
Q
From what level to what level does the uncovertebral joints build up?
A
From C3-C7
14
Q
True or false
UV joints do not have synovial fluid
A
True
15
Q
True or false
UV joints have interstitial fluid around the
joint and surrounding surfaces
A
True
16
Q
Why does the stability of the cervical spine depends on the integrity of the ZPJ, posterior musculature and ligaments?
A
Arrangement of these UV joints not seen as adding stability to the C spine, hence, stability more dependent upon integrity of ZPJ’s and posterior musculature and ligaments
17
Q
The most important aspect of the UV joint is it’s effect on the ___
A
The most important aspect of the UV joint is it’s effect on the development of the cervical IVD
18
Q
As the uncus starts to grow the disc begins
to ___
A
As the uncus starts to grow the disc begins to ‘split’ and ‘fissure
19
Q
Formation of UV joints effectively narrows ___ within which translatory movements accompanying flexion take place
A
Formation of UV joints effectively narrows horizontal band within which translatory movements accompanying flexion take place
20
Q
Presence of the UV joints results in ____ into the annulus from the UV joints
A
Presence of the UV joints results in medial extension of horizontal fissures into the
annulus from the UV joints
21
Q
Where does C2 disc refer pain to?
A
Only disc that refers pain superiorly into the head – may be common source of headaches
22
Q
Where does C5, C6 and C7 discs refer pain t?
A
Lower motion segments – refer into the UE and usually proximal to elbow
23
Q
Characteristically – pain spreads in a line on the ___ and or ___ aspect of the upper arm in and around the triceps muscles
A
Characteristically – pain spreads in a line on the lateral and/or posterior aspect of the upper arm in and around the triceps muscles
24
Q
Why dont we see prolapses,
extrusions or sequestration of nuclear
material in the cervical spine?
A
We don’t see prolapses, extrusions or sequestration of nuclear material because of the presence of the UV joints and development of the ‘bivalve disc’
25
How is the horizontal fissuring of the annulus in the cervical spine?
- Begins towards end of first decade of life
- Is universal in adult cervical discs
- Often almost completely divides posterior
2/3 of disc in later life
26
What happens in the cervical spine by 25?
By age 25, fissuring spreads throughout IVD,
| and the nucleus (upper 4) disappears
27
The fissuring frequently extends right through the IVD between the 2 UV joints, leaving only the ___ relatively intact
The fissuring frequently extends right through the IVD between the 2 UV joints, leaving only the *anterior annulus* relatively intact
28
Such extensive fissuring changes the IVD, in middle life, from a structure which deforms around a central nucleus on movement (like L Spine), to a ____ with a ‘gliding joint’ between its upper and lower parts,
which allows translation of several mm forwards and backwards in full F and E
Such extensive fissuring changes the IVD, in middle life, from a structure which deforms around a central nucleus on movement (like L Spine), to a *bipartite disc* with a ‘gliding joint’ between its upper and lower parts,
which allows translation of several mm forwards and backwards in full F and E
29
What is the suboccipital region?
The joint between the occiput and the atlas
30
What joints form the craniovertebral joints?
- Atlanto-occipital (0-C1)
| - Atlanto-axial (C1 – C2)
31
What are the ligaments that support the sub-occipital joints?
* ALL
* PLL
* Ligamentum Flavum
* Interspinous ligament
* Supraspinous ligament…. with a twist(ligamentum nuchae)
32
The PLL terminates at the ___ and becomes the tectorial membrane as it moves upwards
The PLL terminates at the *back of C2* and becomes the tectorial membrane as it moves upwards
33
___ ligament is coming from the dens to the arch of C1
*Alar* ligament is coming from the dens to the arch of C1
34
The accessory parts of the tectorial membrane comes from ___ to ___
The accessory parts of the tectorial membrane comes from *C2 to C1*
35
What are the three things that form the cruciate membrane?
- Superior longitudinal band
- Transverse cervical ligament
- Inferior longitudinal band
36
The ___ membrane is coming from the atlas to the occiput?
The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
37
The membrane going from the atlas to the axis is the ___ membrane
The membrane going from the atlas to the axis is the *posterior atlanto-axial* membrane
38
The ligaments that binds the lamina of C2 to the rest of the cervical membranes is called __
The ligaments that binds the lamina of C2 to the rest of the cervical membranes is called *ligamentum flavum*
39
The ligamentum flavum is continuous with the posterior atlanto-axial membrane and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
The ligamentum flavum is continuous with the ___ membrane and the posterior ___ membrane
40
The tectorial membrane becomes the ___ at the junction of C2 and C3
The tectorial membrane becomes the *PLL* at the junction of C2 and C3
41
The ____ membrane comes from the arch of C1 to the anterior surface of the foramen magnum
The *anterior atlanto-occipital* membrane comes from the arch of C1 to the anterior surface of the foramen magnum
42
The ___ membrane goes from the arch of C1 to the base of C2 and the base between C2 and C3
The *anterior atlanto-axial* membrane goes from the arch of C1 to the base of C2 and the base between C2 and C3
43
The anterior atlanto-axial membrane continuous on as the ____
The anterior atlanto-axial membrane continuous on as the *ALL*
44
Most of the movement that occurs when nodding is between which levels?
The occiput and C1
45
What are the two movements that happens in the sagittal plane?
Flexion-extension (rotational and translatory movement)
46
Anterior translation during extension is greater at ___ than at ___
Anterior translation during extension is greater at *Occiput-C1 than at C1-2*
47
C1 translates ___ relative to C2 and inferiorly relative to ___, greatest at C1-2 during translational movement flexion-extension
C1 translates *inferiorly* relative to C2 and inferiorly relative to *occiput*, greatest at C1-2 during translational movement flexion-extension
48
There is a greater amount of rotation effect at C1-2 compared to 0-C1 during what motion?
Rotation of the head to the left or right
49
Rotation of the head to the left or the right happens in which plane, and what is going on in the other planes?
Transverse plane. Insignificant movement in other 2 planes
50
There is no significant difference in amount
| of movement at each joint during which motion?
Lateral flexion
51
During lateral flexion, both joint exhibit ipsilateral axial rotation, which is greater at ____
During lateral flexion, both joint exhibit ipsilateral axial rotation, which is greater at *C1-2*
52
In the upper cervical spine, when you flex and extend, it is mainly the ___t on the ___ movement
In the upper cervical spine, when you flex and extend, it is mainly the occiput on the atlas(C1) movement
53
What does it indicate when a person experiences pain with nodding?
There is a problem with the atlanto-occipital joint
54
What does it indicate when a person experiences pain with rotation to the left or the right at the start of movement?
There is a problem with C1-2 the atlanto-axial joint
55
What are the most superficial muscles of the suboccipital region?
Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
56
What muscle fibers run superiorly and laterally deep to the sternocleidomastoid?
Splenius
57
Splenius capitis inserts into the ___ and splenius doesn't
Splenius capitis inserts into the *head* and splenius doesn't
58
Running deep to the splenius capitis is the ____
Running deep to the splenius capitis is the *semispinalis capitis*
59
The muscles that form the suboccipital region is ___ in total
The muscles that form the suboccipital region is *8 in total, 4 on each side* in total
60
What are the muscles that make up the suboccipital muscles?
- Rectus capitis posterior major
- Rectus capitis posterior minor
- Obliquus capitis inferior
- Obliquus capitis superior
61
Rectus capitis posterior major is coming from __ to ___
Rectus capitis posterior major is coming from spinous process C2 to occiput
62
Rectus capitis posterior minor is coming from __ to ___
Rectus capitis posterior minor is coming from posterior arch C1 to occiput
63
Obliquus capitis inferior is coming from __ to ___
Obliquus capitis inferior is coming from spinous process C2 to transverse process C1 .
64
Obliquus capitis superior is coming from __ to ___
Obliquus capitis superior is coming from transverse process C1 to occiput
65
What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the suboccipital region?
The posterior primary ramus of suboccipital nerve. C1 nerve root
66
The posterior ramus of C2 is called the __
The posterior ramus of C2 is called the *greater occipital nerve*
67
The posterior ramus of C1 is called the __
The posterior ramus of C1 is called then *lesser occipital nerve*
68
___ muscle is a capitis muscle, but it does not attach to the head
*Obliquus capitis inferior* muscle is a capitis muscle, but it does not attach to the head
69
What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
- Inferiorly: Obliquus capitis inferior
- Medially: Rectus capitis posterior major
- Laterally: Obliquus capitis superior
70
What is the blood supply of the suboccipital region?
The vertebral artery
71
The right and left artery come together to form the ___ artery
The right and left artery come together to form the *basilar* artery
72
What are the muscles in the deep layer of the anterior cervical musculature?
- Longus colli
- Rectus capitis anterior
- Rectus capitis lateralis
73
What are the muscles in the intermediate layer of the anterior cervical musculature?
- Scalenes
| - Longus capitis
74
What are the muscles in the hyoid layer of the anterior cervical musculature?
- Suprahyoid
| - Infrahyoid
75
What are the muscles in the superficial layer of the anterior cervical musculature?
- Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
| - Platysma
76
The deep muscles of the anterior cervical musculature are the ____ muscles
The deep muscles of the anterior cervical musculature are the *stabilizing* muscles
77
The deep muscles of the anterior cervical musculature provide ____ stability for the level of the spine
The deep muscles of the anterior cervical musculature provide *intersegmental* stability for the level of the spine
78
The intermediate muscles of the anterior cervical musculature provide ___ and ___
The intermediate muscles of the anterior cervical musculature provide *stability and mobility*
79
The hyoid muscles primarily function to control the hyoid and therefore the ____ and __
The hyoid muscles primarily function to control the hyoid and therefore the *larynx and pharynx*
80
The ____ muscles are integral in eating, swallowing, and speaking
The *hyoid* muscles are integral in eating, swallowing, and speaking
81
The superficial muscles of the anterior cervical musculature are primarily involved in ___
The superficial muscles of the anterior cervical musculature are primarily involved in *large scale movements*
82
What are the 3 parts of longus colli?
- Superior oblique
- Vertical intermediate
- Inferior oblique
83
The superior oblique part of the longus colli runs obliquely from the ___ to the ___
The superior oblique of the longus colli runs obliquely from the *transverse processes to the midline of the cervical spine*
84
The vertical intermediate part of the longus colli runs vertically from the ___ to the ___
The vertical intermediate part of the longus colli runs vertically from the *anterior vertebrae to the anterior vertebrae below and so*
85
Why won't the inferior oblique be easily seen?
It is so far down into the CT junction that the presence of the sternum and clavicles blocks it
86
Rectus capitis anterior is coming from ___ to the ___
Rectus capitis anterior is coming from *the transverse process of C1 to the occiput*
87
Rectus capitis lateralis is coming from ___ to the ___
Rectus capitis lateralis is coming from *the transverse process of C1 to the occiput*
88
What are the 3 parts of the scalenus muscle?
- Scalenus posterior
- Scalenus medius
- Scalenus anterior
89
Scalenus posterior runs from ___to ___
Scalenus posterior runs from *the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes to the second rib*
90
Scalenus medius runs from ___to ___
Scalenus medius runs from *the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes to the first rib*
91
Scalenus anterior runs from ___to ___
Scalenus anterior runs from *the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes to the first rib*
92
The interscalenus space is between the __ and the ____
The interscalenus space is between the *scalenus anterior and the scalenus medius*
93
Longus captitis is coming from ____ and inserting ___
Longus captitis is coming from *the transverse processes of C4- 6 and inserting to the cranium*
94
The suprahyoid muscles connect the hyoid to the ___
The suprahyoid muscles connect the hyoid to the *cranium*
95
What are the muscles of the suprahyoid?
- Mylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
- Stylohyoid and digastric muscles
96
The infrahyoid muscles connects the hyoid to the ___, ___ and ___
The infrahyoid muscles connects the hyoid to the *sternum, clavicle and scapula*
97
What are the muscles in the superficial plane of the infrahyoid?
- Sternohyoid
| - Omohyoid
98
What are the muscles in the deep plane of the infrahyoid?
- Sternothyroid
| - Thryohyoid
99
____ connects the hyoid to the sternum
*Sternohyoid* connects the hyoid to the sternum
100
____ connects the hyoid to the scapula
*Omohyoid* connects the hyoid to the scapula
101
____ connects the thyroid to the sternum
*Sternothyroid* connects the thyroid to the sternum
102
Thryohyoid connects the thyroid to the ___
Thryohyoid connects the thyroid to the *hyoid*
103
The submandibular(digastric) triangle is formed by the ___ and the ___
The submandibular(digastric) triangle is formed by the *digastric muscles and the mandible*
104
The submental triangle found underneath the teeth is formed by the ___ and ___
The submental triangle found underneath the teeth is formed by the *two bellies of the digastric muscles and the hyoid bone*
105
The triangle formed by the sternocleidomastoid, the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle and the posterior digastric is called the ___
The triangle formed by the sternocleidomastoid, the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle and the posterior digastric is called the *carotid triangle*
106
What can be palpated in the carotid triangle?
The carotid artery
107
The occipital triangle is formed by the ___, __, and ____
The occipital triangle is formed by the *trapezius, inferior belly of the omohyoid, and the sternocleidomastoid*
108
The omoclavicular/subclavian triangle is formed by the ___, ___, and ___
The omoclavicular/subclavian triangle is formed by the *inferior belly of the omohyoid, the sternocleidomastoid, and the clavicle*
109
The omohyoid muscle has 2 bellies that are united by an ___, which is connected to the ___ by a fascial sling
The omohyoid muscle has 2 bellies that are united by an *intermediate tendon*, which is connected to the *clavicle* by a fascial sling
110
Why is the omohyoid muscle an important landmark in the neck?
Because it divides the anterior and posterior triangles into smaller triangles
111
The splenius capitis muscles are coming in from the ___ to the ___
The splenius capitis muscles are coming in from the *nuchal ligaments and the spinous processes C7-T4 to the occiput*
112
Splenius cervicis come from ___ to ___
Splenius cervicis come from *T3- T6 spinous processes to the transverse processes of C3, C2, and C1*
113
Sternohyoid comes from ___ and ___ and goes to the __
Sternohyoid comes from *inside the sternum and clavicle and goes to the hyoid*
114
The sternothyroid comes from the ___ and inserts ___
The sternothyroid comes from the *sternum and the 1st costal cartilage and inserts inferior to the oblique line of the thyroid*
115
Each of the strap-like muscles of the digastric has 2 bellies that descends down towards the ___ bone
Each of the strap-like muscles of the digastric has 2 bellies that descends down towards the *hyoid* bone
116
The digastric muscles are joined by an intermediate tendon that is connected to ___ and ___ by a strong loop or sling of fibrous connective tissue
The digastric muscles are joined by an intermediate tendon that is connected to *the body and the greater horn of the hyoid bone* by a strong loop or sling of fibrous connective tissue
117
The fibrous pulley of the digastric allows the intermediate tendon to slide __ and ___
The fibrous pulley of the digastric allows the intermediate tendon to slide *anteriorly and posteriorly*
118
What is the superior attachment of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Digastric fossa of mandible
119
What is the superior attachment of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Mastoid notch of temporal
| bone
120
What is the inferior attachment of the digastric muscles?
Intermediate tendon to body and greater horn of hyoid bone
121
What is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
```
Mylohyoid nerve (branch of
inferior alveolar nerve)
```
122
What is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
123
What is the action of the digastric muscle?
Depresses mandible and raises hyoid bone
124
What is the superior attachment of the stylohyoid muscle?
Styloid process of the temporal bone
125
What is the inferior attachment of the stylohyoid muscle?
Body of the hyoid bone
126
What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?
Cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
127
What are the actions of the stylohyoid muscle?
Elevates and retracts hyoid bone, thereby elongating the floor of the mouth
128
The thin, flat triangular muscles that form a sling inferior to the tongue and forms the floor of the mouth is the ____muscle
The thin, flat triangular muscles that form a sling inferior to the tongue and forms the floor of the mouth is the *Mylohyoid* muscle
129
What is the superior attachment of the mylohyoid?
Mylohyoid line of the mandible
130
What is the inferior attachment of the mylohyoid?
Median raphe and body of the hyoid bone
131
What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle?
Mylohoid nerve, a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve
132
What are the actions of the mylohyoid muscle?
Elevates the hyoid bone, floor of the mouth and tongue during swallowing and speaking
133
___ muscles are short narrow muscles that contact each other in the median plane
*Geniohyoid* muscles are short narrow muscles that contact each other in the median plane
134
___ is located superior to the mylohyoid muscles, where they reinforce the floor of the mouth
*Geniohyoid* is located superior to the mylohyoid muscles, where they reinforce the floor of the mouth
135
What is the superior attachment of the geniohyoid?
Inferior mental spine of the mandible
136
What is the inferior attachment of the geniohyoid?
Body of the hyoid bone
137
What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?
C1 via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
138
What are the actions of the geniohyoid muscle?
Pulls the hyoid bone
| antero-superiorly and shortens the floor of the mouth and widens the pharynx
139
The anterior scalene comes from the ___ and attaches to the ___
The anterior scalene comes from the *1st rib and attaches to the anterior tubercles on the transverse processes of C3-C6*
140
The middle scalene is behind the anterior scalene and it comes from the ___ and attaches to ____
The middle scalene is behind the anterior scalene and it comes from the *1st rib and attaches to anterior tubercles of C2-7*
141
The superior oblique part of the longus colli comes from __and attaches to the ___
The superior oblique part of the longus colli comes from C1-3 and attaches to the transverse processes
142
What is the posterior boundary of the neck?
Trapezius
143
What is the inferior boundary of the neck?
Clavicle
144
What is the superior boundary of the neck?
Mandible
145
What is the anterior boundary of the neck?
Anterior midline
146
What is the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid, Mandible, and Midline
147
What is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?
- Trapezius
148
What is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
149
What is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Clavicle
150
The posterior triangle of the neck can be divided into the __ and the ___
The posterior triangle of the neck can be divided into the *posterior triangle and the Omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle*
151
CN XI travels through the ___ triangle
CN XI travels through the *posterior* triangle
152
____ travels between the anterior and middle scalene muscles
*The trunks of the brachial plexus* travels between the anterior and middle scalene muscles
153
What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?
From two heads, manubrium and medial 1/3rd of clavicle
154
What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
Mastoid process
155
What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid?
Spinal accessory XI
156
What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid?
Unilaterally turns chin to
opposite side bilaterally
flexes neck
157
Origin of omohyoid
Superior border of scapula
158
Insertion of omohyoid
Hyoid bone
159
Innervation of omohyoid
C1, C2, C3 via ansa cervicalis
160
Action of omohyoid
Depresses the hyoid bone
161
Origin of the sternohyoid
Manubrium and clavicle
162
Insertion of the sternohyoid
Hyoid bone
163
Innervation of the sternohyoid
C1, C2, C3 via ansa
| cervicalis
164
Action of the sternohyoid
Depresses the hyoid bone
165
Origin of the sternothyroid
Manubrium
166
Insertion of the sternothyroid
Thyroid cartilage
167
Innervation of the sternothyroid
C1, C2, C3 via ansa cervicalis
168
Action of the sternothyroid
Pull larynx inferiorly
169
Origin of the thyrohyoid
Thyroid cartilage
170
Insertion of thyrohyoid
Hyoid bone
171
Innervation of thyrohyoid
C1
172
Action of thyrohyoid
Elevate larynx in swallowing
173
Origin of the stylohyoid
Styloid process
174
Insertion of the stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
175
Innervation of the stylohyoid
Facial nerve CN VII
176
Action of the stylohyoid
Pull hyoid posteriorly and
| superiorly
177
Origin of the anterior scalene
Transverse processes of C3 – C6
178
Insertion of the anterior scalene
First rib
179
Innervation of the anterior scalene
Cervical ventral rami
180
Action of the anterior scalene
Elevate the first rib, unilaterally flex neck, bilaterally assist with forward neck flex
181
Origin of the middle scalane
Transverse processes of C2 – C7
182
Insertion of the middle scalene
First rib
183
Innervation of the middle scalene
Cervical ventral rami
184
Action of the middle scalene
Unilaterally laterally flexes neck, elevates first rib
185
Origin of the posterior scalene
Transverse processes of C4 – C6
186
Insertion of the posterior scalene
Second rib
187
Innervation of the posterior scalene
Cervical ventral rami
188
Action of the posterior scalene
Unilaterally laterally flexes
| neck, elevates second rib
189
What are the superficial veins of the neck?
– Ext. jugular vein
– Anterior jugular vein
– Internal jugular
– Subclavian and brachiocephalic veins
190
What are the superficial nerves of the neck?
– Lesser occipital
– Greater auricular
– Transverse cervical
– Supraclavicular
191
The nerve to mylohyoid comes from the ___
The nerve to mylohyoid comes from the *mandibular nerve*
192
The nerve point of the neck is called the ___ point
The nerve point of the neck is called the *herb's* point
193
What are the anterior triangles of the neck?
Submandibular, carotid, omotracheal and submental
194
What are the posterior triangles of the neck?
Posterior and omoclavicular
195
___ is the muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus. It has anterior and lateral walls
*Pharynx* is the muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus. It has anterior and lateral walls
196
The pharynx opens anterior to the ___, superiorly the ___ and inferiorly the ____
The pharynx opens anterior to the *nasal cavity, superiorly the oral cavity, and inferiorly the larynx*
197
What are the roles of the pharynx?
- Air passage
| - Food passage
198
What does the pharynx do in air passage?
Is always open except during swallowing
199
What does the pharynx do in food passage?
To swallow food, one must hold their breath
200
Where is the pharynx located?
In midline anterior to the vertebral column
201
What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
– Nasopharynx
– Oropharynx
– Laryngopharynx
202
What are the muscles of the pharynx?
- Superior constrictor
- Inferior constrictor
- Middle constrictor
- Pharyngeus muscles
203
____ muscles act to constrict the pharynx and proper food to the esophagus
*Superior, middle and Inferior constrictor* muscles act to constrict the pharynx and proper food to the esophagus
204
___ muscles are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
*Pharyngeus muscles* muscles are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
205
What is the function of the pharyngeus muscles?
Function to elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing
206
What is the motor innervation of the pharynx?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
207
What is the sensory innervation of the pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
208
___ is part of the respiratory system specially designed for vocalizing.
*The larynx* is part of the respiratory system specially designed for vocalizing.
209
The larynx opens into the ___ and sits anterior to the ___
The larynx opens into the *oropharynx and sits
| anterior to the laryngopharynx*
210
What are the cartilages of the larynx?
– Thyroid
– Cricoid
– Arytenoid
– Epiglottic
211
What are the muscles of the larynx?
- Internal muscles
| - External muscles
212
What are the functions of the internal muscles of the larynx?
– Muscles in the inlet of the larynx that prevent food from entering
– Muscles that open and close the space between the vocal cords
– Muscles that tense and relax the vocal cords
– Changes in vocal cord position effect sound pitch and production
213
What is the sensory innervation of the larynx?
– Superior laryngeal- superior to the vocal folds
| – Recurrent laryngeal - inferior to the vocal folds
214
What is the motor innervation of the larynx?
Superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal
215
What are the general sensory innervations of the tongue?
– Anterior 2/3rd - lingual nerve -branch of the mandibular nerve
– Posterior 1/3rd - glossopharyngeal
216
What are the special sensory (taste) innervations of the tongue?
Anterior 2/3rd - facial nerve
– Posterior 1/3rd - glossopharyngeal
– Small area just anterior to epiglottis - vagus nerve
217
What are the two muscles that act on the tongue?
- Genioglossus
| - Hyoglossus
218
The ___ protrudes the tongue
The *genioglossus* protrudes the tongue
219
What does the hyoglossus do to the tongue?
The hyoglossus retracts the tongue
220
The ___ innervates the genioglossus and the hyoglossus
The *hypoglossal nerve* innervates the genioglossus and the hyoglossus
221
If there is paralysis on one side, the tongue will protrude to the ___ side
If there is paralysis on one side, the tongue will protrude to the *paralyzed* side
222
The cricothyroid muscle ___ and ___ the vocal ligaments
The cricothyroid muscle *stretches and tenses* the vocal ligaments
223
The contraction of the cricothyroid muscle pulls the ___ cartilage anteriorly relative to the ___ cartilage and in doing so it will ___ the vocal cords that raises the pitch of the voice
The contraction of the cricothyroid muscle pulls the *thyroid cartilage anteriorly relative to the cricocord cartilage* and in doing so it will *tense* the vocal cords that raises the pitch of the voice
224
The ____ muscles relaxes the vocal ligament and ___ the pitch of sound
The *thryoarytenoid* muscles relaxes the vocal ligament and *decreases* the pitch of sound
225
The thryoarytenoid goes from the ____ to the ___
The thryoarytenoid goes from the *posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage*
226
The contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle ___ the vocal cords together by them together
The contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle *close* the vocal cords together by pulling them together
227
The lateral cricoarytenoid cartilage comes from the ___ to the ___
The lateral cricoarytenoid cartilage comes from the *cricord cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage*
228
Contraction of the cricoarytenoid muscle will ___
Contraction of the cricoarytenoid muscle will *abduct the vocal folds*
229
The abduction of the vocal cords by the cricoarytenoid muscle will result in a ___
The abduction of the vocal cords by the cricoarytenoid muscle will result in a *greater vibration and more phonation*
230
Abduction of the vocal cords allows ___ air to travel through the vocal cords, creating ____
Abduction of the vocal cords allows *less* air to travel through the vocal cords, creating *a whisper*
231
The oblique arytenoid muscle is going from the ___ to the ___
The oblique arytenoid muscle is going from the *epiglottic to the arytenoid cartilages*
232
The criss-cross nature of the oblique arytenoid muscles causes ____
The criss-cross nature of the oblique arytenoid muscles causes *adduction and closure of vocal folds and epiglottis*
233
The superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves come off the ___
The superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves come off the *vagus nerve*
234
What is the vascularization of the larynx?
* Superior laryngeal artery branch of the superior thyroid a.
* Inferior laryngeal a. branch of the inferior thyroid a.
* Laryngeal veins accompany the arteries
235
What is swallowing (deglutition)?
When a bolus of food is masticated in the oral cavity and passed into the oral pharynx by the tongue
236
The ____ is protected by muscular contraction of the soft palate to prevent entry into the nasal cavity.
The *nasopharynx* is protected by muscular contraction of the soft palate to prevent entry into the nasal cavity.
237
Contraction of the ___ muscles of the pharynx raises the pharynx to receive the bolus
Contraction of the *longitudinal* muscles of the pharynx raises the pharynx to receive the bolus
238
____ muscles propel the bolus into the esophagus
*Constrictor* muscles propel the bolus into the esophagus
239
____ to the larynx help to prevent passage of the bolus into the trachea (aspiration)
*Inlet constrictors* to the larynx help to prevent passage of the bolus into the trachea (aspiration)
240
What happens if the inlet constrictors to the larynx do not work?
Food and fluid can get into trachea. This is called aspiration
241
The external jugular vein passes through the ____triangle
The external jugular vein passes through the *omoclavicular* triangle
