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Anatomy 2 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The raised ridges along the lateral sides of the superior vertebral plateau are from the ____

A

The raised ridges along the lateral sides of the superior vertebral plateau are from the uncinate processes

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2
Q

The uncinate processes from the superior and inferior vertebral form ___

A

The uncinate processes from the superior and inferior process form unciform joints

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3
Q

Why aren’t unciform joints considered synovial?

A

They lack hyaline cartilage, subcontral bone, synovium and a joint capsule

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4
Q

Where does the facet/ZPJ joints of the superior vertebra face?

A

Upwards and backwards

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5
Q

Where does the facet/ZPJ joints of the inferior vertebra face?

A

Forward and downward

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6
Q

ZPJ’s together with the uncovertebral Joints
considered to make an important contribution to stability by ___ and thereby, protecting the IVD from severe torsion strain

A

ZPJ’s together with the uncovertebral Joints
considered to make an important contribution to stability by restraining excessive movement and thereby, protecting the IVD from severe torsion strain

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7
Q

ZPJ’s in ____ spine do not protect IVD as much as they do in ___ Spine

A

ZPJ’s in Cervical spine do not protect IVD as much as they do in Lumbar Spine

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8
Q

The uncovertebral/unciform joints are also known as the ___ or the ___

A

The uncovertebral/unciform joints are also known as the Joints of Luschka or the lateral interbody joints

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9
Q

The Uncinate processes grow upwards
from the ___ aspect of each lateral
vertebral margin towards the vertebral
body above

A

The Uncinate processes grow upwards
from the superior aspect of each lateral
vertebral margin towards the vertebral
body above

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10
Q

The uncinate processes grow from the ___

A

The uncinate processes grow from the * loose vascular fibrous tissue lateral to the annulus*

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11
Q

The uncinate processes have grown enough by age 7 – 8 yrs to form a sort of ____ on each side of the disc

A

The uncinate processes have grown enough by age 7 – 8 yrs to form a sort of adventitious joint (UV joint) on each side of the disc

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12
Q

UV joint lined by ___ and a thin
fibrous “capsule” limits each joint cleft
laterally

A

UV joint lined by fibrocartilage and a thin
fibrous “capsule” limits each joint cleft
laterally

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13
Q

From what level to what level does the uncovertebral joints build up?

A

From C3-C7

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14
Q

True or false

UV joints do not have synovial fluid

A

True

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15
Q

True or false

UV joints have interstitial fluid around the
joint and surrounding surfaces

A

True

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16
Q

Why does the stability of the cervical spine depends on the integrity of the ZPJ, posterior musculature and ligaments?

A 
Arrangement of these UV joints not seen
as adding stability to the C spine, hence,
stability more dependent upon integrity
of ZPJ’s and posterior musculature and
ligaments
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17
Q

The most important aspect of the UV joint is it’s effect on the ___

A

The most important aspect of the UV joint is it’s effect on the development of the cervical IVD

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18
Q

As the uncus starts to grow the disc begins

to ___

A

As the uncus starts to grow the disc begins to ‘split’ and ‘fissure

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19
Q

Formation of UV joints effectively narrows ___ within which translatory movements accompanying flexion take place

A

Formation of UV joints effectively narrows horizontal band within which translatory movements accompanying flexion take place

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20
Q

Presence of the UV joints results in ____ into the annulus from the UV joints

A

Presence of the UV joints results in medial extension of horizontal fissures into the
annulus from the UV joints

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21
Q

Where does C2 disc refer pain to?

A

Only disc that refers pain superiorly into the head – may be common source of headaches

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22
Q

Where does C5, C6 and C7 discs refer pain t?

A

Lower motion segments – refer into the UE and usually proximal to elbow

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23
Q

Characteristically – pain spreads in a line on the ___ and or ___ aspect of the upper arm in and around the triceps muscles

A

Characteristically – pain spreads in a line on the lateral and/or posterior aspect of the upper arm in and around the triceps muscles

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24
Q

Why dont we see prolapses,
extrusions or sequestration of nuclear
material in the cervical spine?

A

We don’t see prolapses, extrusions or sequestration of nuclear material because of the presence of the UV joints and development of the ‘bivalve disc’

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25
Q

How is the horizontal fissuring of the annulus in the cervical spine?

A
  • Begins towards end of first decade of life
  • Is universal in adult cervical discs
  • Often almost completely divides posterior
    2/3 of disc in later life
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26
Q

What happens in the cervical spine by 25?

A

By age 25, fissuring spreads throughout IVD,

and the nucleus (upper 4) disappears

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27
Q

The fissuring frequently extends right through the IVD between the 2 UV joints, leaving only the ___ relatively intact

A

The fissuring frequently extends right through the IVD between the 2 UV joints, leaving only the anterior annulus relatively intact

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28
Q

Such extensive fissuring changes the IVD, in middle life, from a structure which deforms around a central nucleus on movement (like L Spine), to a ____ with a ‘gliding joint’ between its upper and lower parts,
which allows translation of several mm forwards and backwards in full F and E

A

Such extensive fissuring changes the IVD, in middle life, from a structure which deforms around a central nucleus on movement (like L Spine), to a bipartite disc with a ‘gliding joint’ between its upper and lower parts,
which allows translation of several mm forwards and backwards in full F and E

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29
Q

What is the suboccipital region?

A

The joint between the occiput and the atlas

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30
Q

What joints form the craniovertebral joints?

A
  • Atlanto-occipital (0-C1)

- Atlanto-axial (C1 – C2)

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31
Q

What are the ligaments that support the sub-occipital joints?

A
  • ALL
  • PLL
  • Ligamentum Flavum
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament…. with a twist(ligamentum nuchae)
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32
Q

The PLL terminates at the ___ and becomes the tectorial membrane as it moves upwards

A

The PLL terminates at the back of C2 and becomes the tectorial membrane as it moves upwards

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33
Q

___ ligament is coming from the dens to the arch of C1

A

Alar ligament is coming from the dens to the arch of C1

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34
Q

The accessory parts of the tectorial membrane comes from ___ to ___

A

The accessory parts of the tectorial membrane comes from C2 to C1

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35
Q

What are the three things that form the cruciate membrane?

A
  • Superior longitudinal band
  • Transverse cervical ligament
  • Inferior longitudinal band
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36
Q

The ___ membrane is coming from the atlas to the occiput?

A

The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

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37
Q

The membrane going from the atlas to the axis is the ___ membrane

A

The membrane going from the atlas to the axis is the posterior atlanto-axial membrane

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38
Q

The ligaments that binds the lamina of C2 to the rest of the cervical membranes is called __

A

The ligaments that binds the lamina of C2 to the rest of the cervical membranes is called ligamentum flavum

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39
Q

The ligamentum flavum is continuous with the posterior atlanto-axial membrane and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

A

The ligamentum flavum is continuous with the ___ membrane and the posterior ___ membrane

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40
Q

The tectorial membrane becomes the ___ at the junction of C2 and C3

A

The tectorial membrane becomes the PLL at the junction of C2 and C3

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41
Q

The ____ membrane comes from the arch of C1 to the anterior surface of the foramen magnum

A

The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane comes from the arch of C1 to the anterior surface of the foramen magnum

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42
Q

The ___ membrane goes from the arch of C1 to the base of C2 and the base between C2 and C3

A

The anterior atlanto-axial membrane goes from the arch of C1 to the base of C2 and the base between C2 and C3

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43
Q

The anterior atlanto-axial membrane continuous on as the ____

A

The anterior atlanto-axial membrane continuous on as the ALL

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44
Q

Most of the movement that occurs when nodding is between which levels?

A

The occiput and C1

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45
Q

What are the two movements that happens in the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion-extension (rotational and translatory movement)

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46
Q

Anterior translation during extension is greater at ___ than at ___

A

Anterior translation during extension is greater at Occiput-C1 than at C1-2

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47
Q

C1 translates ___ relative to C2 and inferiorly relative to ___, greatest at C1-2 during translational movement flexion-extension

A

C1 translates inferiorly relative to C2 and inferiorly relative to occiput, greatest at C1-2 during translational movement flexion-extension

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48
Q

There is a greater amount of rotation effect at C1-2 compared to 0-C1 during what motion?

A

Rotation of the head to the left or right

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49
Q

Rotation of the head to the left or the right happens in which plane, and what is going on in the other planes?

A

Transverse plane. Insignificant movement in other 2 planes

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50
Q

There is no significant difference in amount

of movement at each joint during which motion?

A

Lateral flexion

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51
Q

During lateral flexion, both joint exhibit ipsilateral axial rotation, which is greater at ____

A

During lateral flexion, both joint exhibit ipsilateral axial rotation, which is greater at C1-2

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52
Q

In the upper cervical spine, when you flex and extend, it is mainly the ___t on the ___ movement

A

In the upper cervical spine, when you flex and extend, it is mainly the occiput on the atlas(C1) movement

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53
Q

What does it indicate when a person experiences pain with nodding?

A

There is a problem with the atlanto-occipital joint

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54
Q

What does it indicate when a person experiences pain with rotation to the left or the right at the start of movement?

A

There is a problem with C1-2 the atlanto-axial joint

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55
Q

What are the most superficial muscles of the suboccipital region?

A

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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56
Q

What muscle fibers run superiorly and laterally deep to the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Splenius

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57
Q

Splenius capitis inserts into the ___ and splenius doesn’t

A

Splenius capitis inserts into the head and splenius doesn’t

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58
Q

Running deep to the splenius capitis is the ____

A

Running deep to the splenius capitis is the semispinalis capitis

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59
Q

The muscles that form the suboccipital region is ___ in total

A

The muscles that form the suboccipital region is 8 in total, 4 on each side in total

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60
Q

What are the muscles that make up the suboccipital muscles?

A
  • Rectus capitis posterior major
  • Rectus capitis posterior minor
  • Obliquus capitis inferior
  • Obliquus capitis superior
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61
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major is coming from __ to ___

A

Rectus capitis posterior major is coming from spinous process C2 to occiput

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62
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor is coming from __ to ___

A

Rectus capitis posterior minor is coming from posterior arch C1 to occiput

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63
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior is coming from __ to ___

A

Obliquus capitis inferior is coming from spinous process C2 to transverse process C1 .

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64
Q

Obliquus capitis superior is coming from __ to ___

A

Obliquus capitis superior is coming from transverse process C1 to occiput

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65
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the suboccipital region?

A

The posterior primary ramus of suboccipital nerve. C1 nerve root

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66
Q

The posterior ramus of C2 is called the __

A

The posterior ramus of C2 is called the greater occipital nerve

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67
Q

The posterior ramus of C1 is called the __

A

The posterior ramus of C1 is called then lesser occipital nerve

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68
Q

___ muscle is a capitis muscle, but it does not attach to the head

A

Obliquus capitis inferior muscle is a capitis muscle, but it does not attach to the head

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69
Q

What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?

A
  • Inferiorly: Obliquus capitis inferior
  • Medially: Rectus capitis posterior major
  • Laterally: Obliquus capitis superior
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70
Q

What is the blood supply of the suboccipital region?

A

The vertebral artery

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71
Q

The right and left artery come together to form the ___ artery

A

The right and left artery come together to form the basilar artery

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72
Q

What are the muscles in the deep layer of the anterior cervical musculature?

A
  • Longus colli
  • Rectus capitis anterior
  • Rectus capitis lateralis
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73
Q

What are the muscles in the intermediate layer of the anterior cervical musculature?

A
  • Scalenes

- Longus capitis

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74
Q

What are the muscles in the hyoid layer of the anterior cervical musculature?

A
  • Suprahyoid

- Infrahyoid

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75
Q

What are the muscles in the superficial layer of the anterior cervical musculature?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

- Platysma

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76
Q

The deep muscles of the anterior cervical musculature are the ____ muscles

A

The deep muscles of the anterior cervical musculature are the stabilizing muscles

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77
Q

The deep muscles of the anterior cervical musculature provide ____ stability for the level of the spine

A

The deep muscles of the anterior cervical musculature provide intersegmental stability for the level of the spine

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78
Q

The intermediate muscles of the anterior cervical musculature provide ___ and ___

A

The intermediate muscles of the anterior cervical musculature provide stability and mobility

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79
Q

The hyoid muscles primarily function to control the hyoid and therefore the ____ and __

A

The hyoid muscles primarily function to control the hyoid and therefore the larynx and pharynx

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80
Q

The ____ muscles are integral in eating, swallowing, and speaking

A

The hyoid muscles are integral in eating, swallowing, and speaking

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81
Q

The superficial muscles of the anterior cervical musculature are primarily involved in ___

A

The superficial muscles of the anterior cervical musculature are primarily involved in large scale movements

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82
Q

What are the 3 parts of longus colli?

A
  • Superior oblique
  • Vertical intermediate
  • Inferior oblique
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83
Q

The superior oblique part of the longus colli runs obliquely from the ___ to the ___

A

The superior oblique of the longus colli runs obliquely from the transverse processes to the midline of the cervical spine

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84
Q

The vertical intermediate part of the longus colli runs vertically from the ___ to the ___

A

The vertical intermediate part of the longus colli runs vertically from the anterior vertebrae to the anterior vertebrae below and so

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85
Q

Why won’t the inferior oblique be easily seen?

A

It is so far down into the CT junction that the presence of the sternum and clavicles blocks it

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86
Q

Rectus capitis anterior is coming from ___ to the ___

A

Rectus capitis anterior is coming from the transverse process of C1 to the occiput

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87
Q

Rectus capitis lateralis is coming from ___ to the ___

A

Rectus capitis lateralis is coming from the transverse process of C1 to the occiput

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88
Q

What are the 3 parts of the scalenus muscle?

A
  • Scalenus posterior
  • Scalenus medius
  • Scalenus anterior
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89
Q

Scalenus posterior runs from ___to ___

A

Scalenus posterior runs from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes to the second rib

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90
Q

Scalenus medius runs from ___to ___

A

Scalenus medius runs from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes to the first rib

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91
Q

Scalenus anterior runs from ___to ___

A

Scalenus anterior runs from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes to the first rib

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92
Q

The interscalenus space is between the __ and the ____

A

The interscalenus space is between the scalenus anterior and the scalenus medius

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93
Q

Longus captitis is coming from ____ and inserting ___

A

Longus captitis is coming from the transverse processes of C4- 6 and inserting to the cranium

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94
Q

The suprahyoid muscles connect the hyoid to the ___

A

The suprahyoid muscles connect the hyoid to the cranium

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95
Q

What are the muscles of the suprahyoid?

A
  • Mylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
  • Stylohyoid and digastric muscles
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96
Q

The infrahyoid muscles connects the hyoid to the ___, ___ and ___

A

The infrahyoid muscles connects the hyoid to the sternum, clavicle and scapula

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97
Q

What are the muscles in the superficial plane of the infrahyoid?

A
  • Sternohyoid

- Omohyoid

98
Q

What are the muscles in the deep plane of the infrahyoid?

A
  • Sternothyroid

- Thryohyoid

99
Q

____ connects the hyoid to the sternum

A

Sternohyoid connects the hyoid to the sternum

100
Q

____ connects the hyoid to the scapula

A

Omohyoid connects the hyoid to the scapula

101
Q

____ connects the thyroid to the sternum

A

Sternothyroid connects the thyroid to the sternum

102
Q

Thryohyoid connects the thyroid to the ___

A

Thryohyoid connects the thyroid to the hyoid

103
Q

The submandibular(digastric) triangle is formed by the ___ and the ___

A

The submandibular(digastric) triangle is formed by the digastric muscles and the mandible

104
Q

The submental triangle found underneath the teeth is formed by the ___ and ___

A

The submental triangle found underneath the teeth is formed by the two bellies of the digastric muscles and the hyoid bone

105
Q

The triangle formed by the sternocleidomastoid, the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle and the posterior digastric is called the ___

A

The triangle formed by the sternocleidomastoid, the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle and the posterior digastric is called the carotid triangle

106
Q

What can be palpated in the carotid triangle?

A

The carotid artery

107
Q

The occipital triangle is formed by the ___, __, and ____

A

The occipital triangle is formed by the trapezius, inferior belly of the omohyoid, and the sternocleidomastoid

108
Q

The omoclavicular/subclavian triangle is formed by the ___, ___, and ___

A

The omoclavicular/subclavian triangle is formed by the inferior belly of the omohyoid, the sternocleidomastoid, and the clavicle

109
Q

The omohyoid muscle has 2 bellies that are united by an ___, which is connected to the ___ by a fascial sling

A

The omohyoid muscle has 2 bellies that are united by an intermediate tendon, which is connected to the clavicle by a fascial sling

110
Q

Why is the omohyoid muscle an important landmark in the neck?

A

Because it divides the anterior and posterior triangles into smaller triangles

111
Q

The splenius capitis muscles are coming in from the ___ to the ___

A

The splenius capitis muscles are coming in from the nuchal ligaments and the spinous processes C7-T4 to the occiput

112
Q

Splenius cervicis come from ___ to ___

A

Splenius cervicis come from T3- T6 spinous processes to the transverse processes of C3, C2, and C1

113
Q

Sternohyoid comes from ___ and ___ and goes to the __

A

Sternohyoid comes from inside the sternum and clavicle and goes to the hyoid

114
Q

The sternothyroid comes from the ___ and inserts ___

A

The sternothyroid comes from the sternum and the 1st costal cartilage and inserts inferior to the oblique line of the thyroid

115
Q

Each of the strap-like muscles of the digastric has 2 bellies that descends down towards the ___ bone

A

Each of the strap-like muscles of the digastric has 2 bellies that descends down towards the hyoid bone

116
Q

The digastric muscles are joined by an intermediate tendon that is connected to ___ and ___ by a strong loop or sling of fibrous connective tissue

A

The digastric muscles are joined by an intermediate tendon that is connected to the body and the greater horn of the hyoid bone by a strong loop or sling of fibrous connective tissue

117
Q

The fibrous pulley of the digastric allows the intermediate tendon to slide __ and ___

A

The fibrous pulley of the digastric allows the intermediate tendon to slide anteriorly and posteriorly

118
Q

What is the superior attachment of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Digastric fossa of mandible

119
Q

What is the superior attachment of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Mastoid notch of temporal

bone

120
Q

What is the inferior attachment of the digastric muscles?

A

Intermediate tendon to body and greater horn of hyoid bone

121
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A 
Mylohyoid nerve (branch of
inferior alveolar nerve)
122
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

123
Q

What is the action of the digastric muscle?

A

Depresses mandible and raises hyoid bone

124
Q

What is the superior attachment of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Styloid process of the temporal bone

125
Q

What is the inferior attachment of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Body of the hyoid bone

126
Q

What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

127
Q

What are the actions of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Elevates and retracts hyoid bone, thereby elongating the floor of the mouth

128
Q

The thin, flat triangular muscles that form a sling inferior to the tongue and forms the floor of the mouth is the ____muscle

A

The thin, flat triangular muscles that form a sling inferior to the tongue and forms the floor of the mouth is the Mylohyoid muscle

129
Q

What is the superior attachment of the mylohyoid?

A

Mylohyoid line of the mandible

130
Q

What is the inferior attachment of the mylohyoid?

A

Median raphe and body of the hyoid bone

131
Q

What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Mylohoid nerve, a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve

132
Q

What are the actions of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Elevates the hyoid bone, floor of the mouth and tongue during swallowing and speaking

133
Q

___ muscles are short narrow muscles that contact each other in the median plane

A

Geniohyoid muscles are short narrow muscles that contact each other in the median plane

134
Q

___ is located superior to the mylohyoid muscles, where they reinforce the floor of the mouth

A

Geniohyoid is located superior to the mylohyoid muscles, where they reinforce the floor of the mouth

135
Q

What is the superior attachment of the geniohyoid?

A

Inferior mental spine of the mandible

136
Q

What is the inferior attachment of the geniohyoid?

A

Body of the hyoid bone

137
Q

What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

138
Q

What are the actions of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

Pulls the hyoid bone

antero-superiorly and shortens the floor of the mouth and widens the pharynx

139
Q

The anterior scalene comes from the ___ and attaches to the ___

A

The anterior scalene comes from the 1st rib and attaches to the anterior tubercles on the transverse processes of C3-C6

140
Q

The middle scalene is behind the anterior scalene and it comes from the ___ and attaches to ____

A

The middle scalene is behind the anterior scalene and it comes from the 1st rib and attaches to anterior tubercles of C2-7

141
Q

The superior oblique part of the longus colli comes from __and attaches to the ___

A

The superior oblique part of the longus colli comes from C1-3 and attaches to the transverse processes

142
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the neck?

A

Trapezius

143
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the neck?

A

Clavicle

144
Q

What is the superior boundary of the neck?

A

Mandible

145
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the neck?

A

Anterior midline

146
Q

What is the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, Mandible, and Midline

147
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Trapezius
148
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

149
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Clavicle

150
Q

The posterior triangle of the neck can be divided into the __ and the ___

A

The posterior triangle of the neck can be divided into the posterior triangle and the Omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle

151
Q

CN XI travels through the ___ triangle

A

CN XI travels through the posterior triangle

152
Q

____ travels between the anterior and middle scalene muscles

A

The trunks of the brachial plexus travels between the anterior and middle scalene muscles

153
Q

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

From two heads, manubrium and medial 1/3rd of clavicle

154
Q

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastoid process

155
Q

What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Spinal accessory XI

156
Q

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Unilaterally turns chin to
opposite side bilaterally
flexes neck

157
Q

Origin of omohyoid

A

Superior border of scapula

158
Q

Insertion of omohyoid

A

Hyoid bone

159
Q

Innervation of omohyoid

A

C1, C2, C3 via ansa cervicalis

160
Q

Action of omohyoid

A

Depresses the hyoid bone

161
Q

Origin of the sternohyoid

A

Manubrium and clavicle

162
Q

Insertion of the sternohyoid

A

Hyoid bone

163
Q

Innervation of the sternohyoid

A

C1, C2, C3 via ansa

cervicalis

164
Q

Action of the sternohyoid

A

Depresses the hyoid bone

165
Q

Origin of the sternothyroid

A

Manubrium

166
Q

Insertion of the sternothyroid

A

Thyroid cartilage

167
Q

Innervation of the sternothyroid

A

C1, C2, C3 via ansa cervicalis

168
Q

Action of the sternothyroid

A

Pull larynx inferiorly

169
Q

Origin of the thyrohyoid

A

Thyroid cartilage

170
Q

Insertion of thyrohyoid

A

Hyoid bone

171
Q

Innervation of thyrohyoid

A

C1

172
Q

Action of thyrohyoid

A

Elevate larynx in swallowing

173
Q

Origin of the stylohyoid

A

Styloid process

174
Q

Insertion of the stylohyoid

A

Hyoid bone

175
Q

Innervation of the stylohyoid

A

Facial nerve CN VII

176
Q

Action of the stylohyoid

A

Pull hyoid posteriorly and

superiorly

177
Q

Origin of the anterior scalene

A

Transverse processes of C3 – C6

178
Q

Insertion of the anterior scalene

A

First rib

179
Q

Innervation of the anterior scalene

A

Cervical ventral rami

180
Q

Action of the anterior scalene

A

Elevate the first rib, unilaterally flex neck, bilaterally assist with forward neck flex

181
Q

Origin of the middle scalane

A

Transverse processes of C2 – C7

182
Q

Insertion of the middle scalene

A

First rib

183
Q

Innervation of the middle scalene

A

Cervical ventral rami

184
Q

Action of the middle scalene

A

Unilaterally laterally flexes neck, elevates first rib

185
Q

Origin of the posterior scalene

A

Transverse processes of C4 – C6

186
Q

Insertion of the posterior scalene

A

Second rib

187
Q

Innervation of the posterior scalene

A

Cervical ventral rami

188
Q

Action of the posterior scalene

A

Unilaterally laterally flexes

neck, elevates second rib

189
Q

What are the superficial veins of the neck?

A

– Ext. jugular vein
– Anterior jugular vein
– Internal jugular
– Subclavian and brachiocephalic veins

190
Q

What are the superficial nerves of the neck?

A

– Lesser occipital
– Greater auricular
– Transverse cervical
– Supraclavicular

191
Q

The nerve to mylohyoid comes from the ___

A

The nerve to mylohyoid comes from the mandibular nerve

192
Q

The nerve point of the neck is called the ___ point

A

The nerve point of the neck is called the herb’s point

193
Q

What are the anterior triangles of the neck?

A

Submandibular, carotid, omotracheal and submental

194
Q

What are the posterior triangles of the neck?

A

Posterior and omoclavicular

195
Q

___ is the muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus. It has anterior and lateral walls

A

Pharynx is the muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus. It has anterior and lateral walls

196
Q

The pharynx opens anterior to the ___, superiorly the ___ and inferiorly the ____

A

The pharynx opens anterior to the nasal cavity, superiorly the oral cavity, and inferiorly the larynx

197
Q

What are the roles of the pharynx?

A
  • Air passage

- Food passage

198
Q

What does the pharynx do in air passage?

A

Is always open except during swallowing

199
Q

What does the pharynx do in food passage?

A

To swallow food, one must hold their breath

200
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

In midline anterior to the vertebral column

201
Q

What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

A

– Nasopharynx
– Oropharynx
– Laryngopharynx

202
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • Superior constrictor
  • Inferior constrictor
  • Middle constrictor
  • Pharyngeus muscles
203
Q

____ muscles act to constrict the pharynx and proper food to the esophagus

A

Superior, middle and Inferior constrictor muscles act to constrict the pharynx and proper food to the esophagus

204
Q

___ muscles are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

Pharyngeus muscles muscles are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

205
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeus muscles?

A

Function to elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing

206
Q

What is the motor innervation of the pharynx?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

207
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

208
Q

___ is part of the respiratory system specially designed for vocalizing.

A

The larynx is part of the respiratory system specially designed for vocalizing.

209
Q

The larynx opens into the ___ and sits anterior to the ___

A

The larynx opens into the *oropharynx and sits

anterior to the laryngopharynx*

210
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

A

– Thyroid
– Cricoid
– Arytenoid
– Epiglottic

211
Q

What are the muscles of the larynx?

A
  • Internal muscles

- External muscles

212
Q

What are the functions of the internal muscles of the larynx?

A

– Muscles in the inlet of the larynx that prevent food from entering
– Muscles that open and close the space between the vocal cords
– Muscles that tense and relax the vocal cords
– Changes in vocal cord position effect sound pitch and production

213
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the larynx?

A

– Superior laryngeal- superior to the vocal folds

– Recurrent laryngeal - inferior to the vocal folds

214
Q

What is the motor innervation of the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

215
Q

What are the general sensory innervations of the tongue?

A

– Anterior 2/3rd - lingual nerve -branch of the mandibular nerve
– Posterior 1/3rd - glossopharyngeal

216
Q

What are the special sensory (taste) innervations of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3rd - facial nerve
– Posterior 1/3rd - glossopharyngeal
– Small area just anterior to epiglottis - vagus nerve

217
Q

What are the two muscles that act on the tongue?

A
  • Genioglossus

- Hyoglossus

218
Q

The ___ protrudes the tongue

A

The genioglossus protrudes the tongue

219
Q

What does the hyoglossus do to the tongue?

A

The hyoglossus retracts the tongue

220
Q

The ___ innervates the genioglossus and the hyoglossus

A

The hypoglossal nerve innervates the genioglossus and the hyoglossus

221
Q

If there is paralysis on one side, the tongue will protrude to the ___ side

A

If there is paralysis on one side, the tongue will protrude to the paralyzed side

222
Q

The cricothyroid muscle ___ and ___ the vocal ligaments

A

The cricothyroid muscle stretches and tenses the vocal ligaments

223
Q

The contraction of the cricothyroid muscle pulls the ___ cartilage anteriorly relative to the ___ cartilage and in doing so it will ___ the vocal cords that raises the pitch of the voice

A

The contraction of the cricothyroid muscle pulls the thyroid cartilage anteriorly relative to the cricocord cartilage and in doing so it will tense the vocal cords that raises the pitch of the voice

224
Q

The ____ muscles relaxes the vocal ligament and ___ the pitch of sound

A

The thryoarytenoid muscles relaxes the vocal ligament and decreases the pitch of sound

225
Q

The thryoarytenoid goes from the ____ to the ___

A

The thryoarytenoid goes from the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage

226
Q

The contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle ___ the vocal cords together by them together

A

The contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle close the vocal cords together by pulling them together

227
Q

The lateral cricoarytenoid cartilage comes from the ___ to the ___

A

The lateral cricoarytenoid cartilage comes from the cricord cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage

228
Q

Contraction of the cricoarytenoid muscle will ___

A

Contraction of the cricoarytenoid muscle will abduct the vocal folds

229
Q

The abduction of the vocal cords by the cricoarytenoid muscle will result in a ___

A

The abduction of the vocal cords by the cricoarytenoid muscle will result in a greater vibration and more phonation

230
Q

Abduction of the vocal cords allows ___ air to travel through the vocal cords, creating ____

A

Abduction of the vocal cords allows less air to travel through the vocal cords, creating a whisper

231
Q

The oblique arytenoid muscle is going from the ___ to the ___

A

The oblique arytenoid muscle is going from the epiglottic to the arytenoid cartilages

232
Q

The criss-cross nature of the oblique arytenoid muscles causes ____

A

The criss-cross nature of the oblique arytenoid muscles causes adduction and closure of vocal folds and epiglottis

233
Q

The superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves come off the ___

A

The superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves come off the vagus nerve

234
Q

What is the vascularization of the larynx?

A
  • Superior laryngeal artery branch of the superior thyroid a.
  • Inferior laryngeal a. branch of the inferior thyroid a.
  • Laryngeal veins accompany the arteries
235
Q

What is swallowing (deglutition)?

A

When a bolus of food is masticated in the oral cavity and passed into the oral pharynx by the tongue

236
Q

The ____ is protected by muscular contraction of the soft palate to prevent entry into the nasal cavity.

A

The nasopharynx is protected by muscular contraction of the soft palate to prevent entry into the nasal cavity.

237
Q

Contraction of the ___ muscles of the pharynx raises the pharynx to receive the bolus

A

Contraction of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx raises the pharynx to receive the bolus

238
Q

____ muscles propel the bolus into the esophagus

A

Constrictor muscles propel the bolus into the esophagus

239
Q

____ to the larynx help to prevent passage of the bolus into the trachea (aspiration)

A

Inlet constrictors to the larynx help to prevent passage of the bolus into the trachea (aspiration)

240
Q

What happens if the inlet constrictors to the larynx do not work?

A

Food and fluid can get into trachea. This is called aspiration

241
Q

The external jugular vein passes through the ____triangle

A

The external jugular vein passes through the omoclavicular triangle

Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

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