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NURS 252 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Diastole

A

the ventricles relax and fill with blood

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2
Q

systole

A

the heart contracts and pumps blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary and systemic arteries

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3
Q

the first heart sound (S1)

A

results from the closure of the atrioventricular valves and indicates the beginning of systole.

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4
Q

Second heart sound (S2)

A

results from the closure of the semilunar valves and signals the end of systole.

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5
Q

third heart sound (S3)

A

due to the vibration of the ventricles that resist early rapid filling

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6
Q

fourth heart sound (S4)

A

due to the vibration of noncompliant ventricles when the when the atria contract and push blood into them

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7
Q

murmurs

A

gentle blowing and swishing sounds due to turbulent blood flow

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8
Q

the carotid artery pulse coincides with

A

ventricular systole

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9
Q

which cardiac alterations occur in pregnancy

A

an increase in cardiac output and decrease in BP

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10
Q

the jugular venous pressure is an indirect reflection of the

A

hearts efficiency as a pump

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11
Q

what is the appropriate position for the patient to be in when assessing for heart murmurs or extra heart sounds

A

rolled toward the left side

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12
Q

the semilunar valves separate the

A

ventricles from the arteries

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13
Q

a bruit heard in the carotid artery is caused by

A

turbulent blood flow. A blowing swishing sound that indicates atherosclerotic narrowing of the vessel

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14
Q

the ability of the heart to contract independently of any signals or stimulation is due to

A

automaticity

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15
Q

artereosclerosis

A

thickening and loss of elasticity in the artrial walls

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16
Q

the top of the heart is the

A

broader base

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17
Q

the bottom of the heart is the

A

apex

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18
Q

where is the apical pulse

A

at the fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line

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19
Q

what returns unoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart

A

the superior and inferior vena cavae

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20
Q

what leaves the right ventricle and carries the venous blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

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21
Q

what returns the freshly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

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22
Q

what carries the blood out of the heart and to the body

A

aorta

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23
Q

what is the tough, fibrous, double walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

A

pericardium

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24
Q

what is the muscular wall of the heart that does the pumping called?

A

myocardium

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25
Q

what is the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart and chamber valves called?

A

endocardium

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26
Q

thin walled resevoir for holding blood

A

atrium

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27
Q

thick walled pumping chambers

A

ventricles

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28
Q

what heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles

A

the atrioventricular valves

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29
Q

the right AV valve is the?

A

tricuspid valve

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30
Q

the left AV valve is the

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve

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31
Q

when do the AV valves open?

A

during diastole to allow the ventricles to fill with blood

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32
Q

When do the AV valves close?

A

during systole (pumping) to prevent regurgitation of blood into the atria

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33
Q

where are the semilunar valves located?

A

between the ventricles and the pulmonary arteries

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34
Q

where is the pulmonic valve?

A

in the right side of the heart

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35
Q

where is the aortic valve?

A

in the left side of the heart

36
Q

what are the semilunar valves?

A

the aortic and pulmonic valves

37
Q

when do the semilunar valves open?

A

during systole (pumping) to allow blood to be ejected from the heart.

38
Q

abnormally high pressure in the left heart produces?

A

symptoms of pulmonary congestion or heart failure because there are no valves between the pulmonary veins and the atrium

39
Q

abnormally high pressure in the right side of the heart produces?

A

bulging neck veins and abnormal distension because there are no valves between the venae cavae and the right atrium

40
Q

where is S1 the loudest?

A

at the apex

41
Q

where is S2 the loudest?

A

at the base

42
Q

abnormal heart sounds and murmurs are best heard with the?

A

bell of the stethoscope while the patient is on the left side

43
Q

S3 is heard when?

A

the ventricles are resistant to filling (ventricular filling creates vibrations that can be heard over the chest)

44
Q

S3 is heard immediately after?

A

S2 when the AV valves open and atrial blood first pours into the ventricles

45
Q

which extra heart sound can be normal?

46
Q

atrial systole occurs during

A

ventricular diastole

47
Q

when does S4 occur?

A

at the end of diastole, the atria contract and push blood into a noncompliant ventricle.

48
Q

S4 is always

49
Q

normally, diastole is

50
Q

what conditions result in a heart murmur?

A
  1. increased velocity of blood flow
  2. decreases in viscosity of blood
  3. structural defects in valves or unusual openings in the chambers
51
Q

All heart sounds are?

52
Q

the jugular veins

A

empty unoxygenated blood directly into the superior vena cava

53
Q

the jugular veins give information about the

A

right side of the heart

54
Q

orthopnea

A

the need to assume a more upright position to breathe

55
Q

where is the aortic valve auscultated?

A

the second right interspace

56
Q

where is the pulmonic valve auscultated?

A

the second left interspace

57
Q

where is the tricuspid valve auscultated?

A

at the fifth intercostal space at the left lower sternal border

58
Q

where is the mitral valve auscultated?

A

at the fifth intercostal space at approximately the left midclavicular line

59
Q

functional murmurs are caused by

A

increased blood flow to the heart

60
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

stiffening of the aortic valve. Calcification of the aortic valve cusps restrict forward blood flow during systole.

61
Q

what develops as a result of aortic stenosis?

A

hypertrophy of left ventricle

62
Q

subjective data of aortic stenosis

A

Fatigue, DOE, palpitation and dizziness

63
Q

objective data of aortic stenosis

A

pallor, diminished radial pulse, low BP, murmur is loud and harsh

64
Q

when is a bruit audible?

A

when the lumen is one half to 2 thirds occluded

65
Q

when does mitral regurgitation occur

A

when a stream of blood regurgitates back into the left ventricle during systole through an incompetent mitral valve

66
Q

subjective data of mitral regurgitation

A

fatigue, palpitation, orthopnea

67
Q

objective data of mitral regurgitation

A

a thrill (vibration) that occurs in systole heard at the apex

68
Q

order of auscultating heart sounds

A
  1. note rate and rhythm
  2. identify S1 ans S2
  3. identify S1 and S2 separately
  4. listen for extra heart sounds
  5. listen for murmurs
69
Q

empties into the right subclavian vein. Drains the right sides of the head, neck, right arm, right side of thorax, right lung, right heart and right upper section of the liver

A

Right Lymphatic duct

70
Q

Drains the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein

A

thoracic lymphatic duct

71
Q

4 functions of the spleen

A
  1. destroy old RBCs
  2. produce antibodies
  3. store RBCs
  4. filter microorganisms from the blood
72
Q

venous stasis

A

occurs with prolonged standing, sitting or bed rest because of the absence of the milking action that walking provides to return blood back toward the heart

73
Q

profile sign

A

viewing the finger from the side to detect early clubbing. Clubbing may indicate congenital heart disease or cor pulmonale

74
Q

capillary refill

A

indicates peripheral perfusion and cardiac output. Refill time of more than 1-2 seconds indicates poor perfusion

75
Q

3 + pulse

A

full and bounding

76
Q

2 + pulse

77
Q

1 + pulse

A

weak and thready

78
Q

0 pulse

79
Q

aneurysm

A

a sac formed by dilation in the artery wall

80
Q

mechanism of aneurysms

A

atherosclerosis weakens the middle layer of the vessel wall caused by constant high pressure. This stretches the inner and outer layers and the effect of blood pressure creates a balloon like enlargment

81
Q

most common site for aneurysms

82
Q

hyperactive bowel sounds are

A

unrelated to the aneurysm

83
Q

the most common cause of aneurysms is

A

atherosclerosis

84
Q

Characteristic of the pain associated with DVT

A

sudden onset

85
Q

SBAR

A

situation, background, assessment and recommendation

NURS 252 (10 decks)

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