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NURS 252 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Diastole

A

the ventricles relax and fill with blood

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2
Q

systole

A

the heart contracts and pumps blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary and systemic arteries

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3
Q

the first heart sound (S1)

A

results from the closure of the atrioventricular valves and indicates the beginning of systole.

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4
Q

Second heart sound (S2)

A

results from the closure of the semilunar valves and signals the end of systole.

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5
Q

third heart sound (S3)

A

due to the vibration of the ventricles that resist early rapid filling

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6
Q

fourth heart sound (S4)

A

due to the vibration of noncompliant ventricles when the when the atria contract and push blood into them

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7
Q

murmurs

A

gentle blowing and swishing sounds due to turbulent blood flow

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8
Q

the carotid artery pulse coincides with

A

ventricular systole

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9
Q

which cardiac alterations occur in pregnancy

A

an increase in cardiac output and decrease in BP

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10
Q

the jugular venous pressure is an indirect reflection of the

A

hearts efficiency as a pump

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11
Q

what is the appropriate position for the patient to be in when assessing for heart murmurs or extra heart sounds

A

rolled toward the left side

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12
Q

the semilunar valves separate the

A

ventricles from the arteries

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13
Q

a bruit heard in the carotid artery is caused by

A

turbulent blood flow. A blowing swishing sound that indicates atherosclerotic narrowing of the vessel

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14
Q

the ability of the heart to contract independently of any signals or stimulation is due to

A

automaticity

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15
Q

artereosclerosis

A

thickening and loss of elasticity in the artrial walls

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16
Q

the top of the heart is the

A

broader base

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17
Q

the bottom of the heart is the

A

apex

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18
Q

where is the apical pulse

A

at the fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line

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19
Q

what returns unoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart

A

the superior and inferior vena cavae

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20
Q

what leaves the right ventricle and carries the venous blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

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21
Q

what returns the freshly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

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22
Q

what carries the blood out of the heart and to the body

A

aorta

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23
Q

what is the tough, fibrous, double walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

A

pericardium

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24
Q

what is the muscular wall of the heart that does the pumping called?

A

myocardium

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25
what is the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart and chamber valves called?
endocardium
26
thin walled resevoir for holding blood
atrium
27
thick walled pumping chambers
ventricles
28
what heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles
the atrioventricular valves
29
the right AV valve is the?
tricuspid valve
30
the left AV valve is the
bicuspid (mitral) valve
31
when do the AV valves open?
during diastole to allow the ventricles to fill with blood
32
When do the AV valves close?
during systole (pumping) to prevent regurgitation of blood into the atria
33
where are the semilunar valves located?
between the ventricles and the pulmonary arteries
34
where is the pulmonic valve?
in the right side of the heart
35
where is the aortic valve?
in the left side of the heart
36
what are the semilunar valves?
the aortic and pulmonic valves
37
when do the semilunar valves open?
during systole (pumping) to allow blood to be ejected from the heart.
38
abnormally high pressure in the left heart produces?
symptoms of pulmonary congestion or heart failure because there are no valves between the pulmonary veins and the atrium
39
abnormally high pressure in the right side of the heart produces?
bulging neck veins and abnormal distension because there are no valves between the venae cavae and the right atrium
40
where is S1 the loudest?
at the apex
41
where is S2 the loudest?
at the base
42
abnormal heart sounds and murmurs are best heard with the?
bell of the stethoscope while the patient is on the left side
43
S3 is heard when?
the ventricles are resistant to filling (ventricular filling creates vibrations that can be heard over the chest)
44
S3 is heard immediately after?
S2 when the AV valves open and atrial blood first pours into the ventricles
45
which extra heart sound can be normal?
S3
46
atrial systole occurs during
ventricular diastole
47
when does S4 occur?
at the end of diastole, the atria contract and push blood into a noncompliant ventricle.
48
S4 is always
abnormal
49
normally, diastole is
silent
50
what conditions result in a heart murmur?
1. increased velocity of blood flow 2. decreases in viscosity of blood 3. structural defects in valves or unusual openings in the chambers
51
All heart sounds are?
low pitch
52
the jugular veins
empty unoxygenated blood directly into the superior vena cava
53
the jugular veins give information about the
right side of the heart
54
orthopnea
the need to assume a more upright position to breathe
55
where is the aortic valve auscultated?
the second right interspace
56
where is the pulmonic valve auscultated?
the second left interspace
57
where is the tricuspid valve auscultated?
at the fifth intercostal space at the left lower sternal border
58
where is the mitral valve auscultated?
at the fifth intercostal space at approximately the left midclavicular line
59
functional murmurs are caused by
increased blood flow to the heart
60
What is aortic stenosis?
stiffening of the aortic valve. Calcification of the aortic valve cusps restrict forward blood flow during systole.
61
what develops as a result of aortic stenosis?
hypertrophy of left ventricle
62
subjective data of aortic stenosis
Fatigue, DOE, palpitation and dizziness
63
objective data of aortic stenosis
pallor, diminished radial pulse, low BP, murmur is loud and harsh
64
when is a bruit audible?
when the lumen is one half to 2 thirds occluded
65
when does mitral regurgitation occur
when a stream of blood regurgitates back into the left ventricle during systole through an incompetent mitral valve
66
subjective data of mitral regurgitation
fatigue, palpitation, orthopnea
67
objective data of mitral regurgitation
a thrill (vibration) that occurs in systole heard at the apex
68
order of auscultating heart sounds
1. note rate and rhythm 2. identify S1 ans S2 3. identify S1 and S2 separately 4. listen for extra heart sounds 5. listen for murmurs
69
empties into the right subclavian vein. Drains the right sides of the head, neck, right arm, right side of thorax, right lung, right heart and right upper section of the liver
Right Lymphatic duct
70
Drains the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein
thoracic lymphatic duct
71
4 functions of the spleen
1. destroy old RBCs 2. produce antibodies 3. store RBCs 4. filter microorganisms from the blood
72
venous stasis
occurs with prolonged standing, sitting or bed rest because of the absence of the milking action that walking provides to return blood back toward the heart
73
profile sign
viewing the finger from the side to detect early clubbing. Clubbing may indicate congenital heart disease or cor pulmonale
74
capillary refill
indicates peripheral perfusion and cardiac output. Refill time of more than 1-2 seconds indicates poor perfusion
75
3 + pulse
full and bounding
76
2 + pulse
normal
77
1 + pulse
weak and thready
78
0 pulse
absent
79
aneurysm
a sac formed by dilation in the artery wall
80
mechanism of aneurysms
atherosclerosis weakens the middle layer of the vessel wall caused by constant high pressure. This stretches the inner and outer layers and the effect of blood pressure creates a balloon like enlargment
81
most common site for aneurysms
aorta
82
hyperactive bowel sounds are
unrelated to the aneurysm
83
the most common cause of aneurysms is
atherosclerosis
84
Characteristic of the pain associated with DVT
sudden onset
85
SBAR
situation, background, assessment and recommendation

NURS 252 (10 decks)

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