Week 4 Flashcards
What are the three responses to Stimuli?
1) Emotional reaction
2) Cognitive reaction
3) Behavioral conditioned reaction
What are the components of the Cognitive Reaction?
memory
attention
effort
List 3 non-scientific concepts
1) deep-magic: esoteric knowledge from only a guru
2) black-magic: knowledge disconnected from reality
3) Cargo-cult: ritualistic activities that accomplish nothing
Sensitivity
the ability to detect the issue of concern
Specificity
the ability to determine when the issue of concern is NOT present
- in polygraphy: the ability to determine when examinee is truthful - determines ability to prevent false-neg errors
is there a “Perfect” test?
NO
False Positive error
type 1 error–a truthful person indicates “deception”
False Negative error
type 2 error–when a deceptive person indicates a truthful response.
Reliability
Interrater reliability–the most important for polygraph testing
Validity
Construct Validity–does the test measure what we say it measures?
Criterion Validity–Does the test put the case in the correct catagory.
Incremental Validity–more information helps make better decisions.
Test Accuracy determined by?
3 factors-
1) sensitivity
2) specificity
3) base-rate/prior probability
3 advantages received by poly for field practice
1) greater certainty about who to interrogate
2) more productive interrogations
3) decreased ethical complaints
Prior Probability
our estimation of the probability of involvement in the issue.
incidence rate
estimated using risk factors
Mean
how the scores of people are similar
standard deviation
how the scores of people are different
normal range
+/-2 standard deviations
Gaussian Distribution
34.1%, 13.6%. 2.1%, and .1%
Diagnostic Exam
Any test conducted in response to a known problem
-known incident
-known allegation
-ALWAYS a single issue
-event specific
-single issue
-multi-facet
Fail one=fail allScreening Exam
any test conducted in the absence of a known issue, problem, allegation
- -multiple issues - -fail one----only fail one, not all - -not defined by the # of issues
Successive Hurdles
Medical model
- medicine - psychology - polygraph
What is a diagnostic test (single issue) optimized for?
specificity
What is a screening test optimized for?
sensitivity
What are Multi-facet exams?
- known incident
- multiple Qs for multi levels/roles of involvement
- MGQT/investigative techniques
- sensitivity to deception is equal to ZCT
- specificity is weaker than ZCT
Alpha is
- the set tolerance for error that is established prior to the test.
- matter of science and policy
- expressed in decimal value
What are the Confidence Levels of these alpha values?
a=.05
a=.01
a=.10
CL=95%
CL=99%
CL=90%
P-Value
Probability Value
- probability of error
- probability of FP or FN error
- expressed as a decimal
Significance
Statistically Significant
-expressed as a probability of error
-P-value
A result is significant when the p-value is <=a
Parsimony
a theory should account for the greatest range of phenomena with the simplest explanation.
-explanations and hypothesis require evidence
describe the scientific method
1) hypothesis testing
2) calculate the probability of error
3) publish
4) standards and controls for operation
5) general acceptance by scientific comm
Describe Hypothesis testing
Hypothesis–there is a difference in scores of truthful and deceptive people
Null-hypothesis–there is no difference
–design and experiment to demo that there is no difference
–discard hypothesis when no difference is found.
Proxy
phenomena of interest is amorphous or intangible
–cannot measure directly
–no unique lie response
proxy data are correlated with the phenomena
–correlation must be significant
What does the polygraph measure?
The polygraph records a combination of physiological proxies that have been shown to vary significantly with different types of test stimulus questions as a function of deception and truth-telling. Polygraph results are probabilistic measurements that describe the margin of error or level of confidence for a categorical conclusion.
What does the polygraph measure? 12 words
Polygraph measures the uncertainty surrounding a categorical conclusion of deception or truth-telling.
What is a goal of science and scientific testing?
To quantify the degree of uncertainty associated with a conclusion.
- statistic - statistical confidence interval
deterministic test
only one outcome possible
- behavior and choice make no difference
- randomness and error have no role
probabilistic test
randomness and error play a role
all data is a combination of a signal and noise
-diagnostic variance
-uncontrolled variance
categorical results are determined when statistical probability is less than the stated tolerance
How does science work?
1) hypothesis
2) theory
3) law
What are the associations and standards for polygraph?
1) AAPP–American Association of Police Polygraphers
2) ASTM International–American Society for Testing and Measures
3) NCCA–National Center for Credibility Assessment
4) NPA–National Polygraph Association
What is a polygraph used for ?
forensic testing and screening
What are the Sensitivity and Specificity results using ESS?
Sensitivity–.817
Specificity–.846
FN–.077
FP–064
What are the 3 main theories of Motivation?
1) Behavioral-Rewards and Consequences
2) Attachment-family, social group
3) Existential -meaning, purpose, ideology
What are the four types of rewards and consequences?
1) desired
2) undesired
3) given
4) taken
Existential motivation is concerned with ?
psychological importance of meaning and purpose
Define characteristics of short term memory
- several seconds to one minute
- primarily auditory, secondarily visual
- can be improved
- limited in volume and duration
- dependent on frontal and parietal lobes
Characteristics of long term memory?
- large volume of information
- potentially unlimited duration
- information encoded systematically
- stored in temporal area
- hippocampus plays role in storage
List the 7 types of memory:
1) short term
2) long term
3) declarative/explicit
4) procedure/implicit
5) working memory
6) autobiographical
7) amnesia & dissociative disorders
What are the 3 theories of emotion?
1) Physiological
2) evolutionary
3) Cognitive
Define confidence range:
the % that sensitivity is accurate with upper and lower limits
If the lower limit of the confidence range is above 50%, what can we say about the test?
That the test is scientifically valid.
In scientific terms, when is a test needed? When measuring a deterministic value or an amorphous idea?
When measuring an amorphous idea.
Are tests probabilistic or deterministic?
Probabilistic
Confidence Level is the inverse of?
Alpha
1-a=confidence level
1-(.05)=CL
.95=CL
Regarding polygraph exams, define Standard Deviation.
1) how are the scores of deceptive people different?
2) how are the scores of truthful people different?
Regarding polygraph exams, define Normal Range.
The area defined by 2 Standard Deviations above and below the mean in a normal distribution of data.
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Temporal
4) Occipital
What are the 3 segments of the Hindbrain or brainstem?
1) mid-brain
2) pons
3) Medula Oblongota
What part of the brain do you find Working Memory?
Frontal Lobe
What hormone controls motor function?
Acetylcholine
What hormone controls FF response activator?
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
What hormone is the stress hormone?
Cortisol
What part of the brain controls Reticular Formation?
Brainstem
What parts of the brain comprise the Reticular Activation System?
neurons and the Thalamus
What part of the brain filters stimuli from the environment?
Thalamus
What does the HypoThalamus do?
1) regulates the ANS
2) regulates F or F response
What glad secretes Cortisol?
Adrenal
What part of the brain is responsible for Working Memory?
Hippocampus
What part of the brain solves problems and lies?
Prefrontal Cortex
What are the 3 distinct stages of Development of Executive Functions?
1) Age 6–ability to resist distraction
2) Age 10–organized search impulse control
3) Age 12–expanded verbal fluency, improved motor coordination, increased planning
What part of the brain controls balance and muscle tone?
cerebellum
What are found in the middle of the brain?
1) Amygdala
2) Thalamus
3) Hypothalamus
4) Hippocampus
What are 3 elements of cognition?
1) memory
2) attention
3) mental activity
Theory or hypothesis must explain—
Parsimony
The greatest range of phenomena with the simplest solution.
Who are the 5 who theorized about human development?
Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg, Harlow
What was Erikson’s theory of human development?
psycho-social
What was Piaget’s theory of human development?
cognitive development
What was Kohlberg’s theory of human development?
Moral Development
What was Harlow’s theory of human development?
Attachment and Love
What are the 4 levels of stress?
1) Low
2) Moderate
3) Severe
4) Catastrophic
What are 3 Axis 1 disruptive behaviors of juveniles?
1) ADHD
2) Oppositional Defiant Disorder
3) Conduct Disorder
What are the 4 axes of Psychiatric Diagnosis?
Axis 1–clinical syndromes
Axis 2–permanent problems
Axis 3–Co-occuring medical conditions
Axis 4–Psycho-social stressors
What are 3 main Axis 1 (fixable) disorders?
1) Disruptive (juveniles)
2) Mood disorders
3) Psychotic disorders
What are the 2 main types of Axis II (permanent) disorders?
1) Developmental
2) Personality
What are the specifiers of Axis I psychotic disorders?
1) Stability
2) Duration
3) Severity
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) catastrophic
In one of the 3 main Axis 1 (fixable) disorders–Mood, list 4 Mood disorders:
1) depression
2) anxiety
3) bipolar
4) PTSD
In one of the 3 main Axis 1 (fixable) disorders–psychotic, list 2 psychotic disorders:
1) schizophrenia
2) delusional
