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Polygraph School > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three responses to Stimuli?

A

1) Emotional reaction
2) Cognitive reaction
3) Behavioral conditioned reaction

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2
Q

What are the components of the Cognitive Reaction?

A

memory
attention
effort

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3
Q

List 3 non-scientific concepts

A

1) deep-magic: esoteric knowledge from only a guru
2) black-magic: knowledge disconnected from reality
3) Cargo-cult: ritualistic activities that accomplish nothing

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4
Q

Sensitivity

A

the ability to detect the issue of concern

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5
Q

Specificity

A

the ability to determine when the issue of concern is NOT present

 - in polygraphy: the ability to determine when examinee is truthful
 - determines ability to prevent false-neg errors
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6
Q

is there a “Perfect” test?

A

NO

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7
Q

False Positive error

A

type 1 error–a truthful person indicates “deception”

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8
Q

False Negative error

A

type 2 error–when a deceptive person indicates a truthful response.

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9
Q

Reliability

A

Interrater reliability–the most important for polygraph testing

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10
Q

Validity

A

Construct Validity–does the test measure what we say it measures?
Criterion Validity–Does the test put the case in the correct catagory.
Incremental Validity–more information helps make better decisions.

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11
Q

Test Accuracy determined by?

A

3 factors-

1) sensitivity
2) specificity
3) base-rate/prior probability

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12
Q

3 advantages received by poly for field practice

A

1) greater certainty about who to interrogate
2) more productive interrogations
3) decreased ethical complaints

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13
Q

Prior Probability

A

our estimation of the probability of involvement in the issue.
incidence rate
estimated using risk factors

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14
Q

Mean

A

how the scores of people are similar

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15
Q

standard deviation

A

how the scores of people are different

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16
Q

normal range

A

+/-2 standard deviations

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17
Q

Gaussian Distribution

A

34.1%, 13.6%. 2.1%, and .1%

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18
Q

Diagnostic Exam

A 
Any test conducted in response to a known problem
     -known incident
     -known allegation
     -ALWAYS a single issue
     -event specific
          -single issue
          -multi-facet
Fail one=fail all
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19
Q

Screening Exam

A

any test conducted in the absence of a known issue, problem, allegation

 - -multiple issues
 - -fail one----only fail one, not all - -not defined by the # of issues
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20
Q

Successive Hurdles

A

Medical model

 - medicine
 - psychology
 - polygraph
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21
Q

What is a diagnostic test (single issue) optimized for?

A

specificity

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22
Q

What is a screening test optimized for?

A

sensitivity

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23
Q

What are Multi-facet exams?

A
  • known incident
  • multiple Qs for multi levels/roles of involvement
  • MGQT/investigative techniques
  • sensitivity to deception is equal to ZCT
  • specificity is weaker than ZCT
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24
Q

Alpha is

A
  • the set tolerance for error that is established prior to the test.
  • matter of science and policy
  • expressed in decimal value
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25
Q

What are the Confidence Levels of these alpha values?
a=.05
a=.01
a=.10

A

CL=95%
CL=99%
CL=90%

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26
Q

P-Value

A

Probability Value

  • probability of error
  • probability of FP or FN error
  • expressed as a decimal
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27
Q

Significance

A

Statistically Significant
-expressed as a probability of error
-P-value
A result is significant when the p-value is <=a

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28
Q

Parsimony

A

a theory should account for the greatest range of phenomena with the simplest explanation.
-explanations and hypothesis require evidence

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29
Q

describe the scientific method

A

1) hypothesis testing
2) calculate the probability of error
3) publish
4) standards and controls for operation
5) general acceptance by scientific comm

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30
Q

Describe Hypothesis testing

A

Hypothesis–there is a difference in scores of truthful and deceptive people
Null-hypothesis–there is no difference
–design and experiment to demo that there is no difference
–discard hypothesis when no difference is found.

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31
Q

Proxy

A

phenomena of interest is amorphous or intangible
–cannot measure directly
–no unique lie response
proxy data are correlated with the phenomena
–correlation must be significant

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32
Q

What does the polygraph measure?

A

The polygraph records a combination of physiological proxies that have been shown to vary significantly with different types of test stimulus questions as a function of deception and truth-telling. Polygraph results are probabilistic measurements that describe the margin of error or level of confidence for a categorical conclusion.

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33
Q

What does the polygraph measure? 12 words

A

Polygraph measures the uncertainty surrounding a categorical conclusion of deception or truth-telling.

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34
Q

What is a goal of science and scientific testing?

A

To quantify the degree of uncertainty associated with a conclusion.

 - statistic
 - statistical confidence interval
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35
Q

deterministic test

A

only one outcome possible

  • behavior and choice make no difference
  • randomness and error have no role
36
Q

probabilistic test

A

randomness and error play a role
all data is a combination of a signal and noise
-diagnostic variance
-uncontrolled variance
categorical results are determined when statistical probability is less than the stated tolerance

37
Q

How does science work?

A

1) hypothesis
2) theory
3) law

38
Q

What are the associations and standards for polygraph?

A

1) AAPP–American Association of Police Polygraphers
2) ASTM International–American Society for Testing and Measures
3) NCCA–National Center for Credibility Assessment
4) NPA–National Polygraph Association

39
Q

What is a polygraph used for ?

A

forensic testing and screening

40
Q

What are the Sensitivity and Specificity results using ESS?

A

Sensitivity–.817
Specificity–.846
FN–.077
FP–064

41
Q

What are the 3 main theories of Motivation?

A

1) Behavioral-Rewards and Consequences
2) Attachment-family, social group
3) Existential -meaning, purpose, ideology

42
Q

What are the four types of rewards and consequences?

A

1) desired
2) undesired
3) given
4) taken

43
Q

Existential motivation is concerned with ?

A

psychological importance of meaning and purpose

44
Q

Define characteristics of short term memory

A
  • several seconds to one minute
  • primarily auditory, secondarily visual
  • can be improved
  • limited in volume and duration
  • dependent on frontal and parietal lobes
45
Q

Characteristics of long term memory?

A
  • large volume of information
  • potentially unlimited duration
  • information encoded systematically
  • stored in temporal area
  • hippocampus plays role in storage
46
Q

List the 7 types of memory:

A

1) short term
2) long term
3) declarative/explicit
4) procedure/implicit
5) working memory
6) autobiographical
7) amnesia & dissociative disorders

47
Q

What are the 3 theories of emotion?

A

1) Physiological
2) evolutionary
3) Cognitive

48
Q

Define confidence range:

A

the % that sensitivity is accurate with upper and lower limits

49
Q

If the lower limit of the confidence range is above 50%, what can we say about the test?

A

That the test is scientifically valid.

50
Q

In scientific terms, when is a test needed? When measuring a deterministic value or an amorphous idea?

A

When measuring an amorphous idea.

51
Q

Are tests probabilistic or deterministic?

A

Probabilistic

52
Q

Confidence Level is the inverse of?

A

Alpha
1-a=confidence level
1-(.05)=CL
.95=CL

53
Q

Regarding polygraph exams, define Standard Deviation.

A

1) how are the scores of deceptive people different?

2) how are the scores of truthful people different?

54
Q

Regarding polygraph exams, define Normal Range.

A

The area defined by 2 Standard Deviations above and below the mean in a normal distribution of data.

55
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Temporal
4) Occipital

56
Q

What are the 3 segments of the Hindbrain or brainstem?

A

1) mid-brain
2) pons
3) Medula Oblongota

57
Q

What part of the brain do you find Working Memory?

A

Frontal Lobe

58
Q

What hormone controls motor function?

A

Acetylcholine

59
Q

What hormone controls FF response activator?

A

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

60
Q

What hormone is the stress hormone?

A

Cortisol

61
Q

What part of the brain controls Reticular Formation?

A

Brainstem

62
Q

What parts of the brain comprise the Reticular Activation System?

A

neurons and the Thalamus

63
Q

What part of the brain filters stimuli from the environment?

A

Thalamus

64
Q

What does the HypoThalamus do?

A

1) regulates the ANS

2) regulates F or F response

65
Q

What glad secretes Cortisol?

A

Adrenal

66
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for Working Memory?

A

Hippocampus

67
Q

What part of the brain solves problems and lies?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

68
Q

What are the 3 distinct stages of Development of Executive Functions?

A

1) Age 6–ability to resist distraction
2) Age 10–organized search impulse control
3) Age 12–expanded verbal fluency, improved motor coordination, increased planning

69
Q

What part of the brain controls balance and muscle tone?

A

cerebellum

70
Q

What are found in the middle of the brain?

A

1) Amygdala
2) Thalamus
3) Hypothalamus
4) Hippocampus

71
Q

What are 3 elements of cognition?

A

1) memory
2) attention
3) mental activity

72
Q

Theory or hypothesis must explain—

Parsimony

A

The greatest range of phenomena with the simplest solution.

73
Q

Who are the 5 who theorized about human development?

A

Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg, Harlow

74
Q

What was Erikson’s theory of human development?

A

psycho-social

75
Q

What was Piaget’s theory of human development?

A

cognitive development

76
Q

What was Kohlberg’s theory of human development?

A

Moral Development

77
Q

What was Harlow’s theory of human development?

A

Attachment and Love

78
Q

What are the 4 levels of stress?

A

1) Low
2) Moderate
3) Severe
4) Catastrophic

79
Q

What are 3 Axis 1 disruptive behaviors of juveniles?

A

1) ADHD
2) Oppositional Defiant Disorder
3) Conduct Disorder

80
Q

What are the 4 axes of Psychiatric Diagnosis?

A

Axis 1–clinical syndromes
Axis 2–permanent problems
Axis 3–Co-occuring medical conditions
Axis 4–Psycho-social stressors

81
Q

What are 3 main Axis 1 (fixable) disorders?

A

1) Disruptive (juveniles)
2) Mood disorders
3) Psychotic disorders

82
Q

What are the 2 main types of Axis II (permanent) disorders?

A

1) Developmental

2) Personality

83
Q

What are the specifiers of Axis I psychotic disorders?

A

1) Stability
2) Duration
3) Severity
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) catastrophic

84
Q

In one of the 3 main Axis 1 (fixable) disorders–Mood, list 4 Mood disorders:

A

1) depression
2) anxiety
3) bipolar
4) PTSD

85
Q

In one of the 3 main Axis 1 (fixable) disorders–psychotic, list 2 psychotic disorders:

A

1) schizophrenia

2) delusional

Polygraph School (12 decks)

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