Week 4 Flashcards
When does leadership occur?
whenever one person in a group influences other members to help the group reach it’s goals
Traits of leaders (7)
- sense of identity
- open
- stamina
- self care
- model effective
- vulnerable and powerful
- confident
What is the trait approach to leadership?
Assumes leaders have inherent personality traits
What is the position approach to leadership?
Leadership that is defined by the authority of a particular position
What is the Authoritarian leadership-style approach?
Dictates the activities of members, has absolute power over decisions, goals, and major plans.
What is the Democratic leadership-style approach?
Leader who seeks maximum involvement from group members
What is the Laissez-Faire leadership-style approach?
Leader who participates minimally, little input.
What is the distributed-functions approach to leadership?
- Every group member is a leader at times.
- Nearly everyone can be taught to be an effective leader.
What is a task role leader?
Goal oriented, aggressive role, emerges because they do the most to guide the discussion
What is a maintenance role leader?
Emerges in time of conflict to resolve tension and work towards harmony; when the social/emotional needs are not met
Official group leaders are often expected to fill the _____ and ______ role
task and maintenance role
Process observer, standard setter, and tension reliever are examples of _______________
Maintenance roles
Win-lose approach to conflict
An ineffective way to resolve conflict in groups
Denies legitimacy of other party without really listening
Losing side is not motivated to carry out winning decision
2 basic premises of no-lose problem solving approach to conflict
- All people have the right to have their needs met
- What is in conflict between the 2 sides is almost never their needs but their solutions to those needs
Role reversal approach to conflict
Each individual expresses their opinions after restating the ideas and feelings of the opposing individual.
Empathy approach to conflict
“Involves putting yourself in the shoes of the person you are in conflict with and expressing your understanding of what [they are] thinking and saying.”
Inquiry approach to conflict
Using gentle, probing questions to learn more about what the other individual is thinking/feeling.
“I” Messages approach to conflict
I-messages tend to decrease defensiveness and facilitate more open and honest communication.
When you______, I feel _________________ (it works!)
Disarming approach to conflict
Finding some truth in what the other individual’s point of view, then sharing your agreement, even if you feel they are wrong, unreasonable, or unfair.
Stroking approach to conflict
Involves “saying something genuinely positive to the person (or side) you are in conflict with, even in the heat of the battle. Stroking tells the other person that you respect [them], even though both of you may be angry”.
Consensus approach to group decision making
A decision-making process that results in an outcome that everyone is comfortable with, but not 100% vote necessarily. People may wish it resulted another way but are comfortable at end.
Mediation approach to conflict
Used to resolve conflicts between disputing groups.
Involves “intervention of an acceptable, impartial, and neutral third party who has no authoritative decision-making power”.
Simple majority vote approach to decision making
Vote requiring more than half of group to be in agreement
2/3 or 3/4 majority vote approach to decision making
Vote requiring either 2/3 or 3/4 of the votes to be in agreement.
Delegated decisions approach to decision making
Giving an individual(s) autonomy to make a decision, with limitation.
Multiple voting approach to decision making
Involves several rounds of voting, where alternatives become shorter and shorter.
Polling approach to group decision making
Helps gather feedback, opinions, preferences and insights from different individuals
Define group think
Problem-solving process where ideas are accepted without appraisal or review of alternatives. Involves social pressure against anyone who expresses opposing views.
Group Think Process
- Antecedent Conditions
- Symptoms of Group Think
- Poor decision making
What antecedent conditions lead to group think?
- Time pressure and stress
- High Cohesiveness and social identity
- Isolation from other sources of information
- Directive, authoritative leadership
What are symptoms of group think?
- Illusions of invulnerability; feeling indestructible
- Illusions of unanimity
- In-group favoritism
- Little search for new information
- Belief in morality of the group
- Pressure of the dissenters to conform to group norms
3 Steps of Aggression Continuum and Escalation Cycle
- Trigger Phase: an event that causes stress begins the escalation phase
- Escalation Phase: anxiety builds resulting in emotional response
- Crisis Phase: the client experiences a loss of self-control and total loss of reason. Violence can occur during this phase
5 Levels of Escalating Emotions
- Calm
- Anxious
- Agitated
- Aggressive
- Violent
At which escalating emotion is it best to intervene and how would this client appear?
Anxious: client may appear tense, fidget, pace, foot tapping, irritable. Don’t always verbalize
Who is the father of person centred therapy?
Carl Rogers
What did Carl Rogers see as the foundation for change?
Client-therapist relationship
Challenged the basic assumption that the counselor was the expert and the client had a passive role.
What is existentialism?
- Humans are faced with anxiety of creating an identity in a world that lacks intrinsic meaning.
- Focus often on death, anxiety, meaninglessness, and isolation.
What is humanism?
- More optimistic.
- Individuals have a natural potential that can be actualized to find meaning.
What is the overlap between humanism and existentialism?
- Focus on clients subjective experience.
- Trust in the capacity of the individual to make positive choices.
- Emphasize freedom, choice, values, autonomy, purpose, personal responsibility.
- Role of technique is less important than significance of genuine relationship.
According to Maslow, how are self-actualizing individuals different from others?
- they are self-aware, honest, caring, trustworthy, and autonomous. They are able to face uncertainty, are accepting of themselves and others, are genuine, have a sense of humour, create deep and meaningful relationships.
How does self transcendence compare to self actualization?
o Self-actualize: striving to realize your own potential.
o Self-transcendence: seeking meaning and purpose beyond yourself.
What is the goal of positive psychology and who found it?
- Founded by Martin Seligman (2011).
- Follows in the footsteps of humanistic psychology.
- Seeks to help individuals THRIVE vs just survive.
What are the 4 assumptions of PCT?
- people are trustworthy
- individuals have potential for resolving their own problems
- clients are capable of self-directed growth
- the therapist-client relationship is more important than the therapist’s knowledge
What 3 PCT therapist attributes contribute to client growth?
- congruence/genuineness
- unconditional positive regard
- accurate empathetic understanding
Describe the therapeutic process of PCT
- works toward greater degree of independence
- focus on person over problems
- goals are client-led
According to Rogers (1961), self-actualized individuals have: (4)
- An openness to experience
- A trust in themselves
- An internal source of evaluation
- A willingness to continue growing
Therapist function/role in PCT
- being not teaching
- encounters patient on person to person level
- catalyst for change
Group Goals for PCT
- safe climate
- members become increasingly open and develop confidence
Leader Roles for PCT in groups
- facilitates, doesn’t direct
- deals with the barriers
- helps members follow inner direction
Describe the degree of structure of using PCT in groups
very little structure/direction; members are seen as having the capacity to find meaningful direction
3 Strengths of PCT
- Emphasis on deep understanding of client
- Emphasis on person’s ability to find the answers on their own
- client is major change agent in therapy
3 Limitations of PCT
- little structure
- non directive nature
- not everyone does well when left to draw on their own intrinsic resources
What is person-centred expressive arts therapy?
- Extends the PCT approach to creative expression as a method of healing and self-discovery.
- Clients gain insight through movement, art, writing, and music as a way to express feelings.
What is emotion focused therapy?
Emerged as a person-centered approach that focuses on understanding how emotions affect human function and change.
Major focus:
* Assist clients with too few emotions access them.
* Assist clients with too many emotions manage them.
