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Communication > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When does leadership occur?

A

whenever one person in a group influences other members to help the group reach it’s goals

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2
Q

Traits of leaders (7)

A
  • sense of identity
  • open
  • stamina
  • self care
  • model effective
  • vulnerable and powerful
  • confident
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3
Q

What is the trait approach to leadership?

A

Assumes leaders have inherent personality traits

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4
Q

What is the position approach to leadership?

A

Leadership that is defined by the authority of a particular position

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5
Q

What is the Authoritarian leadership-style approach?

A

Dictates the activities of members, has absolute power over decisions, goals, and major plans.

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6
Q

What is the Democratic leadership-style approach?

A

Leader who seeks maximum involvement from group members

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7
Q

What is the Laissez-Faire leadership-style approach?

A

Leader who participates minimally, little input.

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8
Q

What is the distributed-functions approach to leadership?

A
  • Every group member is a leader at times.
  • Nearly everyone can be taught to be an effective leader.
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9
Q

What is a task role leader?

A

Goal oriented, aggressive role, emerges because they do the most to guide the discussion

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10
Q

What is a maintenance role leader?

A

Emerges in time of conflict to resolve tension and work towards harmony; when the social/emotional needs are not met

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11
Q

Official group leaders are often expected to fill the _____ and ______ role

A

task and maintenance role

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12
Q

Process observer, standard setter, and tension reliever are examples of _______________

A

Maintenance roles

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13
Q

Win-lose approach to conflict

A

An ineffective way to resolve conflict in groups

Denies legitimacy of other party without really listening

Losing side is not motivated to carry out winning decision

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14
Q

2 basic premises of no-lose problem solving approach to conflict

A
  1. All people have the right to have their needs met
  2. What is in conflict between the 2 sides is almost never their needs but their solutions to those needs
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15
Q

Role reversal approach to conflict

A

Each individual expresses their opinions after restating the ideas and feelings of the opposing individual.

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16
Q

Empathy approach to conflict

A

“Involves putting yourself in the shoes of the person you are in conflict with and expressing your understanding of what [they are] thinking and saying.”

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17
Q

Inquiry approach to conflict

A

Using gentle, probing questions to learn more about what the other individual is thinking/feeling.

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18
Q

“I” Messages approach to conflict

A

I-messages tend to decrease defensiveness and facilitate more open and honest communication.
When you______, I feel _________________ (it works!)

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19
Q

Disarming approach to conflict

A

Finding some truth in what the other individual’s point of view, then sharing your agreement, even if you feel they are wrong, unreasonable, or unfair.

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20
Q

Stroking approach to conflict

A

Involves “saying something genuinely positive to the person (or side) you are in conflict with, even in the heat of the battle. Stroking tells the other person that you respect [them], even though both of you may be angry”.

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21
Q

Consensus approach to group decision making

A

A decision-making process that results in an outcome that everyone is comfortable with, but not 100% vote necessarily. People may wish it resulted another way but are comfortable at end.

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21
Q

Mediation approach to conflict

A

Used to resolve conflicts between disputing groups.
Involves “intervention of an acceptable, impartial, and neutral third party who has no authoritative decision-making power”.

22
Q

Simple majority vote approach to decision making

A

Vote requiring more than half of group to be in agreement

23
Q

2/3 or 3/4 majority vote approach to decision making

A

Vote requiring either 2/3 or 3/4 of the votes to be in agreement.

24
Q

Delegated decisions approach to decision making

A

Giving an individual(s) autonomy to make a decision, with limitation.

25
Q

Multiple voting approach to decision making

A

Involves several rounds of voting, where alternatives become shorter and shorter.

26
Q

Polling approach to group decision making

A

Helps gather feedback, opinions, preferences and insights from different individuals

27
Q

Define group think

A

Problem-solving process where ideas are accepted without appraisal or review of alternatives. Involves social pressure against anyone who expresses opposing views.

28
Q

Group Think Process

A
  1. Antecedent Conditions
  2. Symptoms of Group Think
  3. Poor decision making
29
Q

What antecedent conditions lead to group think?

A
  • Time pressure and stress
  • High Cohesiveness and social identity
  • Isolation from other sources of information
  • Directive, authoritative leadership
30
Q

What are symptoms of group think?

A
  • Illusions of invulnerability; feeling indestructible
  • Illusions of unanimity
  • In-group favoritism
  • Little search for new information
  • Belief in morality of the group
  • Pressure of the dissenters to conform to group norms
31
Q

3 Steps of Aggression Continuum and Escalation Cycle

A
  1. Trigger Phase: an event that causes stress begins the escalation phase
  2. Escalation Phase: anxiety builds resulting in emotional response
  3. Crisis Phase: the client experiences a loss of self-control and total loss of reason. Violence can occur during this phase
32
Q

5 Levels of Escalating Emotions

A
  1. Calm
  2. Anxious
  3. Agitated
  4. Aggressive
  5. Violent
33
Q

At which escalating emotion is it best to intervene and how would this client appear?

A

Anxious: client may appear tense, fidget, pace, foot tapping, irritable. Don’t always verbalize

34
Q

Who is the father of person centred therapy?

A

Carl Rogers

35
Q

What did Carl Rogers see as the foundation for change?

A

Client-therapist relationship

Challenged the basic assumption that the counselor was the expert and the client had a passive role.

36
Q

What is existentialism?

A
  • Humans are faced with anxiety of creating an identity in a world that lacks intrinsic meaning.
  • Focus often on death, anxiety, meaninglessness, and isolation.
37
Q

What is humanism?

A
  • More optimistic.
  • Individuals have a natural potential that can be actualized to find meaning.
38
Q

What is the overlap between humanism and existentialism?

A
  • Focus on clients subjective experience.
  • Trust in the capacity of the individual to make positive choices.
  • Emphasize freedom, choice, values, autonomy, purpose, personal responsibility.
  • Role of technique is less important than significance of genuine relationship.
39
Q

According to Maslow, how are self-actualizing individuals different from others?

A
  • they are self-aware, honest, caring, trustworthy, and autonomous. They are able to face uncertainty, are accepting of themselves and others, are genuine, have a sense of humour, create deep and meaningful relationships.
40
Q

How does self transcendence compare to self actualization?

A

o Self-actualize: striving to realize your own potential.
o Self-transcendence: seeking meaning and purpose beyond yourself.

41
Q

What is the goal of positive psychology and who found it?

A
  • Founded by Martin Seligman (2011).
  • Follows in the footsteps of humanistic psychology.
  • Seeks to help individuals THRIVE vs just survive.
42
Q

What are the 4 assumptions of PCT?

A
  1. people are trustworthy
  2. individuals have potential for resolving their own problems
  3. clients are capable of self-directed growth
  4. the therapist-client relationship is more important than the therapist’s knowledge
43
Q

What 3 PCT therapist attributes contribute to client growth?

A
  1. congruence/genuineness
  2. unconditional positive regard
  3. accurate empathetic understanding
44
Q

Describe the therapeutic process of PCT

A
  • works toward greater degree of independence
  • focus on person over problems
  • goals are client-led
45
Q

According to Rogers (1961), self-actualized individuals have: (4)

A
    1. An openness to experience
    1. A trust in themselves
    1. An internal source of evaluation
    1. A willingness to continue growing
46
Q

Therapist function/role in PCT

A
  • being not teaching
  • encounters patient on person to person level
  • catalyst for change
47
Q

Group Goals for PCT

A
  • safe climate
  • members become increasingly open and develop confidence
48
Q

Leader Roles for PCT in groups

A
  • facilitates, doesn’t direct
  • deals with the barriers
  • helps members follow inner direction
49
Q

Describe the degree of structure of using PCT in groups

A

very little structure/direction; members are seen as having the capacity to find meaningful direction

50
Q

3 Strengths of PCT

A
  1. Emphasis on deep understanding of client
  2. Emphasis on person’s ability to find the answers on their own
  3. client is major change agent in therapy
51
Q

3 Limitations of PCT

A
  1. little structure
  2. non directive nature
  3. not everyone does well when left to draw on their own intrinsic resources
52
Q

What is person-centred expressive arts therapy?

A
  • Extends the PCT approach to creative expression as a method of healing and self-discovery.
  • Clients gain insight through movement, art, writing, and music as a way to express feelings.
53
Q

What is emotion focused therapy?

A

Emerged as a person-centered approach that focuses on understanding how emotions affect human function and change.
Major focus:
* Assist clients with too few emotions access them.
* Assist clients with too many emotions manage them.

Communication (9 decks)

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