Week 3 Flashcards
Mandatory Ethics
involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice. Prescribed to us.
Aspirattional Ethics
focuses on doing what is in the best interests of clients. Functioning at the aspirational level involves the highest standards of thinking and conduct. Aspirational practice requires counselors to do more than simply meet the letter of the ethics code. Our personal ethics and values
Fear Based Ethics
acting in a way to avoid punishment
Concern Based Ethics
how can you be the best nurse possible?
Positive Ethics
practitioners focused on doing their best for their client
What needs of the practitioner may get in the way of prescribing to the needs of the client?
- the need for control and power
- the inordinate need to be nurturing
- the need to change others in the direction of our own values
- the need for feeling adequate, particularly when it becomes overly important that the client confirm our competence
- the need to be respected and appreciated. It is crucial that we do not meet our needs at the expense of our clients.
4 Purposes of Professional Codes of Ethics
- Education on the responsibilities of the profession
- Provide basis for accountability
- Protect clients from unethical practices
- Provide basis for reflecting on and improving practice
8 Steps to Making Ethical Decisions
- Identify Problem
- Identify potential issues
- Look at relevant codes of ethics and consider own values
- Consider applicable laws and regulations
- Seek consultation from various sources
- Brainstorm courses of action
- Reflect on implications of each course of action
- Decide on best course
Informed Consent
Involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it.
Informed Consent is an _________ and _________ requirement
Ethical and Legal
9 Aspects of the Informed Consent Process
- the general goals of counseling
- the responsibilities of the counselor toward the client
- the responsibilities of clients
- limitations of and exceptions to confidentiality
- legal and ethical parameters that could define the relationship
- the qualifications and background of the practitioner
- the fees involved
- the services the client can expect
- and the approximate length of the therapeutic process.
Confidentiality
an ethical concept, and in most states, it is the legal duty of therapists not to disclose information about a client.
Privileged Communication
a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission
Why is the Western Therapeutic Ethical Model’s focus on individualism limiting?
- Focussed on individualism and autonomy compared to collectivism; have some limitations when applied to special populations and cultural groups such as Asian and Pacific Islanders, Latinx, Native Americans, and African Americans
- Some of these approaches may not be applicable to clients from different racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds.
3 Pillars of EBP
(1) looking for the best available research
(2) relying on clinical expertise, and
(3) taking into consideration the client’s characteristics, culture, and preferences.
Dual/Multiple Relationships
Occur when counselors assume two (or more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a client. This may involve assuming more than one professional role or combining professional and nonprofessional roles.
Boundary Crossing
a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client; brief excursions across professional lines of behaviours. Can be done ethically and enhance therapeutic relationship
Boundary Violation
a serious breach that harms the client and is therefore unethical. A boundary violation is a boundary crossing that takes the practitioner out of the professional role, generally involves exploitation, and results in harm to a client
What are 6 warning signs of boundary crossing
- Excessive Self Disclosure
- Special treatment
- Believing you are the only one that can help client
- Flirtation
- Overprotective behaviour
Secretive behaviour
Nightingale Effect
when nurses continue working despite being physically or psychologically compromised
Describe Freud’s View of Human Nature
Our behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives
Libido/Life Instincts Purpose
Survival or the individual/human race
Oriented towards growth, development, creativity
Goal of life = gaining pleasure and avoiding pain
Death Instincts
Aggressive drive
How does Freud view the structure of personality
the personality consists of three systems: the id, the ego, and the superego.
Id
ruled by the pleasure principle, which is aimed at reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure, the id is illogical, amoral, and driven to satisfy instinctual needs.
Ego
Ruled by the reality principle, the ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of action for satisfying needs.
Superego
Developed over time and includes a person’s moral code, the main concern being whether an action is good or bad, right or wrong
According to freud, what is the cause of anxiety?
results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences that emerge to the surface of awareness. Caused by conflict between id, ego, and superego.
How is the unconscious studied?
- dreams
- slips of tongue
- post-hypnotic suggestion
- free association
- projective techniques
Reality Anxiety
the fear of danger from the external/real-world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.
Neurotic Anxiety
he fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause the person to do something for which she or he will be punished.
Moral anxiety
the fear of one’s own conscience
Repression
Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness.
Denial
“Closing one’s eyes” to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality.
Reaction Formation
Actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse.
Projection
Attributing to others one’s own unacceptable desires and impulses.
Displacement
Directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible.
Rationalization
Manufacturing “good” reasons to explain away a bruised ego.
Sublimation
Diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels.
Regression
Going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands.
Introjection
Taking in and “swallowing” the values and standards of others; the unconscious adoption of the ideas or attitudes of others.
Identification
Identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile.
Compensation
Masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations.
What are the psychosexual stages?
refer to the Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy and lasting for 6 years. If issues in 6 years of life, that would create issues that would bring those to counselling.
Oral Stage
(infancy): which deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self-esteem.
Anal Stage
(toddlerhood): which deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to the denial of one’s own power as a person and the lack of a sense of autonomy.
Phallic Stage
(3-6 and returns in adolescence): which deals with the inability to fully accept one’s sexuality and sexual feelings, and also to difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or a woman.
How did Erikson divide the entire life span?
divided by specific crises to be resolved. According to Erikson, a crisis is equivalent to a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or to regress
How are the therapeutic goals of psychoanalytic therapy achieved? (3)
- Make the unconscious conscious and examine ego
- Childhood experiences are examined, interpreted, and analyzed
- Counsellors seek to help clients achieve insight and self-understanding
The Blank Screen Approach
Therapists Role in Psychoanalytic Therapy
In classical psychoanalysis, analysts typically assume an anonymous nonjudgmental stance
Transference Relationship
Therapists Role in Psychoanalytic Therapy
refers to the clients tendency to view the therapist in terms that are shaped by his or her experiences with important care-givers and other significant figures who played important roles during the develop-mental process
Traditional Psychoanalysis is also known as
Free Association
clients try to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship. This process of free association is known as the “fundamental rule.” Clients report their feelings, experiences, associations, memories, and fantasies to the analyst.
How does psychodynamic psychotherapy differ from traditional?
o Evolved from traditional psychoanalysis
o Have more limited objectives than restructuring personality
o Less likely to use couch
o Fewer sessions
o More supportive interventions (reassurance, empathy, suggestions)
o Focus on here and now of client-therapist relationship
o Focus on practical concerns vs fantasy
Describe the role of classical analyst in client relationship of traditional psychoanalyst?
stands outside the relationship, comments on it, and offers insight-producing interpretations
Describe the role of contemporary relational psychoanalysis in client relationship of traditional psychoanalyst?
the therapist does not strive for an objective stance. Therapists focus as much on here-and-now transference as on earlier reenactments from the past. By bringing the past into the present relationship, a new understanding of the past can unfold
Countertransference
when therapists respond in irrational ways, or when they lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered. Countertransference consists of a therapist’s unconscious emotional responses to a client based on the therapist’s own past, resulting in a distorted perception of the client’s behavior
6 Therapeutic Techniques used in Psychoanalytic Therapy
- Maintenance of analytic framework
- free association
- interpretation
- dream analysis
- resistance
- transference
Latent Content
hidden motives, wishes, fears
Manifest content
dream itself
Therapist helps uncover the meanings of the manifest content
How did Jung’s perspective differ from Freud’s?
Focused on midlife psychological changes
at midlife we must let go of values and behaviors that guided us to that point and confront the unconscious
Developed a spiritual approach that emphasized the individual desire to find meaning in life
We are not driven by our past, but also our future
What are the 3 more contemporary psychoanalytic trends?
Object-Relations Theory, Self Psychology, Relational Psychoanalysis
Object-Relations Theory
Contemporary Psychoanalytic Trend
Concerned with attachment and seperation
Self psychology
Contemporary Psychoanalytic Trend
How we use interpersonal relationships to develop our sense of self. Empathy is central in the client-therapist relationship
Relational Psychoanalysis
Contemporary Psychoanalytic Trend
Therapy is an interactive process. Therapist-client relationship is vital in creating change. Therapists approach clients with genuine curiosity.
Strengths of Psychoanalytic Therapy for Multiculturalism (3)
- Everyone has background childhood experiences
- Erikson’s contributions greatly consider social/cultural factors
- stresses the importance of intensive psychotherapy as part of the training of therapists, which can help counsellors become aware of biases, prejudice and stereotypes.
Shortcomings of Psychoanalytic Therapy for Multiculturalism (3)
- Costly/lengthy - biased on western values
- therapists ambiguity problematic for those who expect therapists to take more active role
- doesn’t address socioeconopolitical factors clients undergo
3 Contributions of Psychoanalytic Therapy
- Provided conceptual framework for origins of behaviour
- doesn’t blame/dwell on past but understand how past shapes individuals
- allows therapists to examine behaviour across all lifespans
3 Limitations of Psychoanalytic Approaches
- time, expense, availably of trained professionals
- anonymous role assumed by therapists
- greater absence on mother-baby relationship (father absent from hypothesis about early development)
