Week 3: The Back Flashcards
The back
posterior part of the trunk, or the torso, and inferior to the neck and superior to the butt. Has vertebral column and spinal cord
The back includes the
- skin and subcutaneous tissue
- muscles (superficial with positioning and moving the upper limbs) and (deep with posture)
- Vertebral column with discs and ligaments
- ribs
- spinal cord and meninges
- various segmental nerves and vessels
Vertebral column
the vertebrate and the IV discs. main part of axial skeleton. from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx
How long is the spinal cord
72-75 cm long (1/4 of it is because discs)
Purpose of the vertebral column
- protect spinal cord and nerves
- supports weight of the body above pelvis
- provides a rigid and flexible axis for the body
- posture and locomotion
How many vertebrate total, and then how many in each region
33 total
7C, 12T, 5L, 5S (fused), 4C (fused)
Lumbosacral angle
occurs at the junction of the last L vert. and the sacrum
Vertebrae
makes the spine flexible
A typical vertebra body consists of
a vertebral body, vertebral arch and seven processes
Vertebral body
cylindrical anterior part of the bone, gives strength and supports the body weight. They get bigger down the column
Anatomy of a vertebral body
a vascular trabecular (pony cancellous) bone enclosed by a thin external layer of compact bone
Trabecular bone of the vertebral body
meshwork of vertical and some horizontal trabeculae. In between the spaces of trabeculae there are redbone marrow, which is the most active hematopoietic (bone forming) tissue in the body.
In the____ part of the vertebral body there are large ___ that allow the passage of ___ ____ that drain ___.
posterior, foramina, basivertebral veins, marrow
epiphyseal rim. Purpose
ring of smooth bone, derived from annular epiphysis. This and its cartilaginous remnants help provide protection and allows for the diffusion of fluid between the IV discs and the capillaries.
Centrum
the superior and inferior epiphysis. This is the primary ossification center for central mass for the vertebral body
Vertebral arch
posterior to the vert body, has two pedicles (R/L), and lamina
Pedicles
Two short stout projections that project posteriorly from the vertebral body
Lamina
broad, flat bones that unite in the midline
Vertebral foramen
the posterior surface of the vertebral body and the vertebral arch create this.
Vertebral canal
the succession of the vertebral foramen. Has the spinal cords and roots, meninges, fat and vessels
Vertebral notches? Two kinds to form what? and what passes through these
indentations in the lateral view that form the superior and inferior vertebral notches. These come together to form the intervertebral foramina. Spinal nerves come through these and the posterior root ganglion is located here.
How many processes are there and where do they arise
There is one median spinous process, that extends posteriorly. Two transverse processes that extend from the pedicle and laminae junctions. Then there are 4 articular process, two superior and two inferior (each with an articular surface of FACET)
what do the spinous and transverse processes provide?
attachment for deep back muscles, allowing them to adjust the position of the spinal cord
Articular processes help with??
Keeping the vertebrate aligned, and not allowing for slippage.
wHICH VERTEBRATE HAS THE LONGEST SPINOUS PROCESS, AND HOW CAN YOU TELL?
C7, there is a prominence at the base of the neck especially when the neck is flexed
The articular facets in the thoracic vertebrate are nearly _____ allowing for what kind of motion in the spine
vertical, allowing for lateral flexion and rotation
characteristics of the cervical vertebrate
smallest, which indicated less weight bearing than the others. IV discs are smaller than other regions, but bone to discs ratio they are bigger, allowing for the most movement to come from the C-spine
Most distinctive feature of the C-vertebrate? located where, what passes through?
the foramen transversarium.
in the transverse process. Vertebral arteries and veins pass through this, except through C7.
Where are the foramen transversarium the smallest and sometimes missing?
C7
The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrate end in… and provide attachment for what
anterior tubercule and posterior and provide attachment for laterally placed group of cervical muscles (elevator swap and scalenes).
The anterior rami of the C-spine nerves course initially on the transverse processes in the ____ which are between the _____
grooves for spinal nerves, and between the tubercles
Carotid tubercles
the anterior tubercles of the C6 vertebrate because the common carotid arteries run through here and can be compressed to control the bleeding
Which Cervical vertebrate are typical vertebrate? and why
C3-C7 because large vertebral foramina
Uncus of the body
the supereolateral margin
Vertebra prominens
C7, called this because of prominent spinous process
Atlas
C1 vertebrate. Does not have a body or a spinous body. . Has lateral masses that give way to the transverse processes, and it is the widest C-vertebrate
The ___ shaped _____ ____ ____ of the lateral masses articulate with two large cranial protuberances known as the ______ at the sides of the ______
kidney shaped, superior articular surfaces, occipital condyles, foramen magnum.
Axis
C2 vertebrate. strongest. C1 rotates on this vertebrate.
Distinguishing feature of the C2, are the __
dens of the axis, or a tooth like protrusion underneath. Allows for rotation of the head by pivoting
Thoracid vertebrate function and primary characteristic
allow attachment for the ribs, and the costal facets.
