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Pharmacology > Week 3 inflammation and fever > Flashcards

Week 3 inflammation and fever Flashcards

1
Q

The bodies defense mechanism that occurs in response to different stimuli is called what?

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

What is Inflammation?

A

The bodies defense mechanism in response to different stimuli

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3
Q

Is the Inflammation response specific or non-specific?

A

Non-specific

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4
Q

What does non-specific response mean?

A

Inflammation follows the same pattern, regardless of what caused it.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of Inflammation?

A

To contain or destroy microorganisms that invade of the body.

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6
Q

What does inflammation attempt to facilitate at the site of injury?

A

Repair

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7
Q

Swelling, pain, warmth and erythema are all signs of what?

A

Inflammation

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8
Q

What are signs of Inflammation?

A

Swelling, pain, warmth, and erythema

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9
Q

What are the 2 classifications of Inflammation?

A

Acute and Chronic

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10
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE),
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Seasonal allergies are all instances of what classification of Inflammation?

A

Chronic

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11
Q

True or False:
Chronic inflammation is associated with sudden injury/exposure

A

False

Acute inflammation is associated with sudden injury/exposure

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12
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an example of what Inflammation classification?

A

Chronic

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13
Q

Histamines, leukotrienes, bradykinin, and prostaglandins are all examples of what in regard to inflammation?

A

They are Chemical Mediators

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14
Q

What do chemical mediators do?

A

They act as alarms to surrounding tissues

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15
Q

What causes immune cells to release Chemical Mediators?

A

Damaged tissues

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16
Q

What are Cytokines?

a.) Produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.
b.) Released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling and itching
c.) Released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.
d.) Increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation.

A

a.) Cytokines are made by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.

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17
Q

What are Histamines?

a.) Released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.
b.) Released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling, and itching.
c.) Increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation.
d.) Produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.

A

b.) Histamines are released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling, and itching.

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18
Q

What is a Compliment?

a.) Increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation.
b.) Produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.
c.) Released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling, and itching.
d.) Released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.

A

d.) Compliments are released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.

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19
Q

What is a Prostaglandin?

a.) Increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation.
b.) Produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.
c.) Released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling, and itching.
d.) Released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.

A

a.) Prostaglandins increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation

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20
Q

What molecules in the body are used to detect foreign agents and injury?

A

Mast Cells

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21
Q

What membranes do Mast cells exist under?

A

Epithelial membranes

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22
Q

How do Mast cells respond to injury and foreign invaders?

A

By releasing Histamines

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23
Q

What do the Histamines released by Mast cells do to nearby blood vessels?

A

Histamines dilate nearby blood vessels

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24
Q

By dilating nearby blood vessels, what effect do Histamines have on capillaries?

A

Histamines make capillaries more permeable by dilating blood vessels.

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25
Q

By making the capillaries more permeable, and by dilating blood vessels, what have Histamines allowed for?

A

The entry of Plasma, Phagocytes, and Compliment proteins into an area of infection to neutralize foreign agents.

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26
Q

Upon cellular injury, Mast cells release Histamines, Bradykinin, Compliments and Leukotrienes. These are all types of what?

A

Chemical Mediators

27
Q

A rapid release of inflammatory mediators on a large scale throughout the body is called what?

A

Anaphylaxis

28
Q

There are 2 Primary drug classes for non-specific inflammation. What are they?

A

-NSAIDs
-Corticosteroids

29
Q

NSAIDS are indicated for:

a.) Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever
b.) Severe or disabling inflammation
c.) Anaphylaxis

A

a.) NSAIDs are for mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever

30
Q

Corticosteroids are indicated for:

a.) Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever
b.) Severe or disabling inflammation
c.) Anaphylaxis

A

b.) Corticosteroids are indicated for severe or disabling inflammation

31
Q

what is corticosteroid use indicated for?

A

Severe or disabling inflammation.

32
Q

What is a NSAID indicated for?

A

Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever

33
Q

After short term use of a corticosteroid to control acute inflammation, what would be the type of drug that a patient would switch to for the continued control of inflammation and fever?

A

NSAIDs

34
Q

Aspirin and Ibuprofen are examples of what type of drug?

A

NSAIDs

35
Q

NSAIDs like Aspirin and Ibuprofen have what 3 effects?

A

Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory effects

36
Q

NSAIDs inhibit Prostaglandins. How?

A

They inhibit the production of COX enzymes.

37
Q

What enzyme produces Prostaglandins?

A

COX-Enzymes

38
Q

What kind of cells make up Prostaglandins?

A

Lipid cells

39
Q

Cyclooxygenase is the unabbreviated word for what?

A

COX- Enzymes

40
Q

COX-1 is:

a.) Serves protective function to all tissues; reduces acid secretion, promotes renal blood flow, promotes platelet aggregation
b.) Formed only after tissue injury & serves to promote inflammation

A

a.) COX-1 serves as a protective function to all tissues; reduces acid secretion, promotes renal blood flow, promotes platelet aggregation

41
Q

COX-2 is formed after what?

A

Tissue injury

42
Q

What does COX-2 promote?

A

Inflammation, and Capillary permeability

43
Q

COX-1 promotes what 2 things?

A

Renal blood flow and platelet aggregation (clotting)

44
Q

Which of the COX enzymes reduces acid secretion?

A

COX-1

45
Q

1st generation NSAIDs block both COX-1 & 2. What are 2 examples of 1st generational NSAIDs?

A

Aspirin and Ibuprofen

46
Q

Salicylates have a prolonged and potent effect on what blood cells?

A

Platelets

47
Q

If you were to choose a drug class to have a potent and prolonged effect on a patient’s platelets, what would you use?

A

Salicylates

48
Q

What class of NSAID drug prevents abnormal clot formation from occurring?

A

Salicylates

49
Q

What is an example of a Salicylate drug?

A

Aspirin

50
Q

A patient is experiencing symptoms including tinnitus (ringing in the ears), dizziness, headache, & excessive sweating from high doses of Salicylates. What is the name of the syndrome the patient is experiencing?

A

Salicylism

51
Q

Which of these NSAIDs have a higher potential for gastric ulceration & bleeding?

-Aspirin
-Ibuprofen

A

Aspirin has a higher risk of gastric ulceration and bleeding.

52
Q

What part of the body produces its own corticosteroids?

A

The Adrenal Cortex

53
Q

Aldosterone and Cortisol, secreted by the Adrenal Cortex, are examples of what?

A

Naturally made corticosteroids.

54
Q

Sometimes, the use of corticosteroids can override the Adrenal Cortex. How does the Adrenal Cortex respond?

A

By repressing its own secretions of Aldosterone and Cortisol

55
Q

When a patient goes on corticosteroids, what is an expected response to their blood sugar levels?

A

Blood sugar will go up, leading to Hyperglycemia

56
Q

A natural defense mechanism for neutralizing (killing) foreign organisms involving body temperature is called what?

A

A Fever.

57
Q

What is a Fever?

A

A natural defense mechanism for neutralizing (killing) foreign organismsby incresing body temperature

58
Q

What is an Antipyretic drug used for?

A

Treating a fever

59
Q

What can prolonged, high Fevers lead to?

A

-Seizures
-Coma
-Delerium
-A breakdown of bodily tissues

60
Q

What is an SSRI?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

61
Q

SSRIs can result in “Serotonin Syndrome”. What is Serotonin Syndrome?

A

A Fever resulting from SSRIs that cause changes in mental status and the cardiovascular system.

62
Q

Why might a nurse instruct Asian, African American, or Middle Eastern patients to use caution when taking acetaminophen?

A

They may have a G6PD enzyme deficiency that causes hemolysis after taking acetaminophen.

63
Q

Deficiency of what enzyme in certain ethnicities causes hemolysis after taking acetaminophen?

A

G6PD

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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