Week 1, Ch 4 Flashcards
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics is the study of what?
How drugs move throughout the body
What type of field studies how drugs move throughout the body?
Pharmacokinetics.
Knowing how the body processes medication is an aspect of what field of study?
Pharmacokinetics
Which is the correct path of Enteral medication as it goes through the GI tract?
a.) Cross the Plasma Membrane»Capillaries»
Bloodstream»Target Cell»Excretion.
b.) Bloodstream»Capillaries»
Target Cell»Cross the Plasma Membrane»Excretion
c.) Capillaries»Cross the Plasma Membrane»Bloodstream»Target Cell
»Excretion
a.) Cross the Plasma Membrane
»Capillaries
»Bloodstream
»Target Cell
»Excretion
True or False:
If a patient’s GI motility is QUICK, the patient will absorb LESS medication.
True:
if a patient’s GI Motility is QUICK then the patient will absorb LESS of the medicine.
Enteral drugs in the GI tract are:
-Absorbed by the what?
-Distributed by the what?
-Metabolized by the what?
-Excreted by the what?
-Absorbed by the capillaries
-Distributed by the bloodstream
-Metabolized by the liver
-Excreted by the kidneys
Hepatotoxicity is when drugs damage what organ?
The Liver
Nephrotoxicity is when drugs damage what organ?
The Kidneys
Liver damage due to drugs is known as what?
Hepatotoxicity
Kidney damage due to drug use is known as what?
Nephrotoxicity
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is when drug use causes what?
Blisters, lesions, rashes and mucosal membrane damage.
Drug use that leads to the development of Blisters, lesions, rashes, and mucosal membrane damage is called what?
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
What is the biggest obstacle for overall drug absorption?
The biggest obstacle is the crossing of many membranes
Enteral route drugs are broken down in the GI tract by what factors?
Stomach acids and digestive enzymes.
True or False:
Phagocytes try to remove medications that they see as foreign invaders
True:
Phagocytes will often attack medications by recognizing them as foreign bodies.
How well of an effect a drug has on a body depends on how well the drug can do what?
Cross multiple membranes; Travel/Transport
Molecules moving from HIGHER to LOWER concentrations is called what?
Diffusion
Chemicals move against the concentration gradient by using what method?
Active Transport
Large, Ionized, and Water-Soluble molecules use what type of transport?
Active Transport
Small, non-ionized, lipid-soluble molecules use what type of transport?
Diffusion
True or False:
Diffusion is the transportation of Large, Ionized, Water-Soluble molecules against the concentration gradient.
False:
Active Transport is the transport of Large, ionized, Water-Soluble molecules across the concentration gradient.
True or False;
Diffusion is the movement of Small, Non-Ionized, Lipid-Soluble molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
True:
Diffusion is the movement of Small, Non-Ionized, Lipid-Soluble molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
A lipid bilayer that creates a barrier that drugs have to cross is called a what?
Plasma Membrane
The Blood-Brain barrier protects the brain from what?
All the medications that you take.
What does the Blood-Brain Barrier do?
Protects your Brain from all the medications you take.
Why is it so difficult to treat Brain Cancers?
The medications have to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier.
The Fetal-Placenta barrier protects what?
Protects the baby from drug effects.
For a medication to cause harm to a baby in the womb, what barrier must the drugs cross?
The Fetal-Placenta barrier
The movement of drugs from the site of injection to the target tissue is called what?
Absorbtion
Acid-based medications absorb the quickest in what location?
The stomach. It has a high acidity
Base-based medications absorb quickest in what location?
Lower GI system. Less acidic
Where is the primary site for drug breakdown in the body?
The Liver
A Conjugate is an addition of Sidechains. What do these Sidechain Conjugates do to drugs?
They make drugs more water soluble.
If a drug needed to become more water soluble, what would be added to it?
A Conjugate, which are sidechains.
What would be added to a drug to make it more water soluble if the drug obtained a Conjugate?
Sidechains.
Your Kidney’s, your Liver, and your Brain receive the largest what in your body?
Blood Supply
What 3 organs receive the largest blood supply?
Kidney’s, Liver, Brain
What is the simplest factor in determining the distribution of medication throughout the body?
The amount of blood flow to bodily tissues
The amount of blood flow to bodily tissues is the simplest factor in determining what?
The distribution of medication throughout the body.
The physical properties of a drug have great influence on its distribution rate. And certain tissues have a high affinity (attraction) for these certain medications. Name 4 tissues that have high affinity.
Teeth, eyes, bone marrow, adipose tissue
What is “Addition” in regard to the distribution of medications?
Different drugs are working towards the same goal.
If a patient needs an anticoagulant and is on Coumadin, but is also using turmeric and fish oil pills (also an anticoagulant), these would be examples of what in regard to the distribution of medications?
Addition(s)
Synergism is two medicines doing what?
Working together to achieve the same goal.
A post-op patient is experiencing a lot of pain and is being prescribed Demerol with Vistaril, with the goal of Vistaril potentiating the Demerol. In regard to the distribution of medications, what is this an example of?
a.) Addition
b.) Synergism
b.) Synergism
The two medicines are working together to achieve the same goal.
An addition would be another medication that works to achieve the same goal, not necessarily working WITH the other medication.
In regard to the distribution of medications, what is an Antagonist?
An Antagonist is something that works against another medication; Fights another drug.
A patient is taking a fish oil pill as a blood thinner. The patient will be going into surgery soon, and will require a blood-thickener to deal with the expected blood loss. As such, the physician orders the patient to take a Vitamin K pill, which thickens the blood. The introduction of the Vitamin K is an example of what?
a.) Synergist
b.) Antagonist
c.) Addition
b.) Antagonist
The Vitamin K works OPPOSITE to the effect of the fish oil pill; Fights the blood-thinning property by acting as a blood-thickener.
Some drugs compete with one another for “Protein Binding Sites”. Sometimes, a drug will bump another drug off of a protein receptor site. In regard to the distribution of medications, this is action is known as what?
Displacement
Some jackass comes along and uses the fancy word “Biotransformation”. What is another word for Biotransformation?
Metabolism
The P-450 system is an enzymatic system that breaks down certain drugs. What is the P-450 system also called?
Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme system
The Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme system (P-450 system) is a system that does what?
Uses special enzymes that breakdown certain drugs.
True or False:
Different ethnicities have different enzyme levels.
True:
Different ethnicities have different enzyme levels.
What factor of the Hepatic Metabolism accelerates drug excretion?
The Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme system (P-450 System)
If two different drugs are given that are both broken down by P-450, what effect does this have on the system?
-The body may not be able to metabolize both drugs.
-Toxic buildup may occur because of the inability to metabolize both drugs using the P-450 system.
Put these in order of effect for the First Pass effect:
a.) Drug enters hepatic circulation, goes to liver
b.) Drug is absorbed
c.) Drug is metabolized to inactive form
d.) Drug is distributed to general circulation
e.) Drug conjugates and leaves liver
b, a, c, e, d
-Drug is absorbed
-Drug enters hepatic circulation, goes to the liver
-Drug is metabolized to inactive form
-Drug conjugates and leaves the liver
-Drug is distributed to general circulation
Dosage levels for certain medications need to be reduced for what age groups? Why?
Infants and the elderly
Because they have decreased drug metabolisms and metabolic activity
If a patient has decreased drug metabolisms due to a lower metabolic activity, what does this mean for their dosage level?
The dosage needs to be reduced.
What bodily fluid is used to measure drug concentrations?
Blood Pasma
Drug-protein complexes and large substances are secreted into what part of the Nephron?
The Distal Tubule of the Nephron
Which factors affect drug excretion:
a.) Liver or kidney impairment
b.) Blood flow
c.) Degree of ionization
d.) Lipid solubility
e.) Drug-protein complexes
f.) A & E
e.) A & B
h.) All of the above
h.) All of the above
Liver or kidney impairment
Blood flow
Degree of ionization
Lipid solubility
Drug-protein complexes
Metabolic activity
All of these affect drug excresion
Name 3 - 5 factors that affect drug excretion.
-Liver or kidney impairment
-Blood flow
-Degree of ionization
-Lipid solubility
-Drug-protein complexes
-Metabolic activity
In measuring the drug concentration via the patients’ blood plasma levels, what does the “Therapeutic Range” mean?
The plasma drug concentration in-between the minimum effective range, and the toxic concentration range
How long a drug takes to become therapeutic after it is administered is known as its what?
A drugs “Onset of Action”
A drugs “Onset of Action” refers to what?
how long it takes to become therapeutic after it is administered.
A drugs “Peak Plasma Level” is when a drug at its what?
At its highest level in the bloodstream
The length of time needed to decrease drug plasma concentration by half is known as a drugs what?
Half-life
What is a drugs Half-Life?
The length of time needed to decrease plasma concentration by half.
The greater a drugs half-life, the longer it takes to do what?
The longer it takes to excrete the drug.
What factor of a drug determines its frequency and dosage?
The drugs half-life
What is the type of dosage that gets the patient into the therapeutic range quicker?
A loading dose (primer dose) gets the drug into the therapeutic range quicker.
