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Pharmacology > Week 1, Ch 4 > Flashcards

Week 1, Ch 4 Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics is the study of what?

A

How drugs move throughout the body

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2
Q

What type of field studies how drugs move throughout the body?

A

Pharmacokinetics.

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3
Q

Knowing how the body processes medication is an aspect of what field of study?

A

Pharmacokinetics

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4
Q

Which is the correct path of Enteral medication as it goes through the GI tract?

a.) Cross the Plasma Membrane»Capillaries»
Bloodstream»Target Cell»Excretion.

b.) Bloodstream»Capillaries»
Target Cell»Cross the Plasma Membrane»Excretion

c.) Capillaries»Cross the Plasma Membrane»Bloodstream»Target Cell
»Excretion

A

a.) Cross the Plasma Membrane
»Capillaries
»Bloodstream
»Target Cell
»Excretion

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5
Q

True or False:
If a patient’s GI motility is QUICK, the patient will absorb LESS medication.

A

True:
if a patient’s GI Motility is QUICK then the patient will absorb LESS of the medicine.

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6
Q

Enteral drugs in the GI tract are:
-Absorbed by the what?
-Distributed by the what?
-Metabolized by the what?
-Excreted by the what?

A

-Absorbed by the capillaries
-Distributed by the bloodstream
-Metabolized by the liver
-Excreted by the kidneys

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7
Q

Hepatotoxicity is when drugs damage what organ?

A

The Liver

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8
Q

Nephrotoxicity is when drugs damage what organ?

A

The Kidneys

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9
Q

Liver damage due to drugs is known as what?

A

Hepatotoxicity

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10
Q

Kidney damage due to drug use is known as what?

A

Nephrotoxicity

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11
Q

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is when drug use causes what?

A

Blisters, lesions, rashes and mucosal membrane damage.

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12
Q

Drug use that leads to the development of Blisters, lesions, rashes, and mucosal membrane damage is called what?

A

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

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13
Q

What is the biggest obstacle for overall drug absorption?

A

The biggest obstacle is the crossing of many membranes

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14
Q

Enteral route drugs are broken down in the GI tract by what factors?

A

Stomach acids and digestive enzymes.

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15
Q

True or False:
Phagocytes try to remove medications that they see as foreign invaders

A

True:
Phagocytes will often attack medications by recognizing them as foreign bodies.

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16
Q

How well of an effect a drug has on a body depends on how well the drug can do what?

A

Cross multiple membranes; Travel/Transport

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17
Q

Molecules moving from HIGHER to LOWER concentrations is called what?

A

Diffusion

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18
Q

Chemicals move against the concentration gradient by using what method?

A

Active Transport

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19
Q

Large, Ionized, and Water-Soluble molecules use what type of transport?

A

Active Transport

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20
Q

Small, non-ionized, lipid-soluble molecules use what type of transport?

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

True or False:
Diffusion is the transportation of Large, Ionized, Water-Soluble molecules against the concentration gradient.

A

False:
Active Transport is the transport of Large, ionized, Water-Soluble molecules across the concentration gradient.

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22
Q

True or False;
Diffusion is the movement of Small, Non-Ionized, Lipid-Soluble molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

A

True:
Diffusion is the movement of Small, Non-Ionized, Lipid-Soluble molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

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23
Q

A lipid bilayer that creates a barrier that drugs have to cross is called a what?

A

Plasma Membrane

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24
Q

The Blood-Brain barrier protects the brain from what?

A

All the medications that you take.

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25
Q

What does the Blood-Brain Barrier do?

A

Protects your Brain from all the medications you take.

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26
Q

Why is it so difficult to treat Brain Cancers?

A

The medications have to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier.

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27
Q

The Fetal-Placenta barrier protects what?

A

Protects the baby from drug effects.

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28
Q

For a medication to cause harm to a baby in the womb, what barrier must the drugs cross?

A

The Fetal-Placenta barrier

29
Q

The movement of drugs from the site of injection to the target tissue is called what?

A

Absorbtion

30
Q

Acid-based medications absorb the quickest in what location?

A

The stomach. It has a high acidity

31
Q

Base-based medications absorb quickest in what location?

A

Lower GI system. Less acidic

32
Q

Where is the primary site for drug breakdown in the body?

A

The Liver

33
Q

A Conjugate is an addition of Sidechains. What do these Sidechain Conjugates do to drugs?

A

They make drugs more water soluble.

34
Q

If a drug needed to become more water soluble, what would be added to it?

A

A Conjugate, which are sidechains.

35
Q

What would be added to a drug to make it more water soluble if the drug obtained a Conjugate?

A

Sidechains.

36
Q

Your Kidney’s, your Liver, and your Brain receive the largest what in your body?

A

Blood Supply

37
Q

What 3 organs receive the largest blood supply?

A

Kidney’s, Liver, Brain

38
Q

What is the simplest factor in determining the distribution of medication throughout the body?

A

The amount of blood flow to bodily tissues

39
Q

The amount of blood flow to bodily tissues is the simplest factor in determining what?

A

The distribution of medication throughout the body.

40
Q

The physical properties of a drug have great influence on its distribution rate. And certain tissues have a high affinity (attraction) for these certain medications. Name 4 tissues that have high affinity.

A

Teeth, eyes, bone marrow, adipose tissue

41
Q

What is “Addition” in regard to the distribution of medications?

A

Different drugs are working towards the same goal.

42
Q

If a patient needs an anticoagulant and is on Coumadin, but is also using turmeric and fish oil pills (also an anticoagulant), these would be examples of what in regard to the distribution of medications?

A

Addition(s)

43
Q

Synergism is two medicines doing what?

A

Working together to achieve the same goal.

44
Q

A post-op patient is experiencing a lot of pain and is being prescribed Demerol with Vistaril, with the goal of Vistaril potentiating the Demerol. In regard to the distribution of medications, what is this an example of?

a.) Addition
b.) Synergism

A

b.) Synergism

The two medicines are working together to achieve the same goal.

An addition would be another medication that works to achieve the same goal, not necessarily working WITH the other medication.

45
Q

In regard to the distribution of medications, what is an Antagonist?

A

An Antagonist is something that works against another medication; Fights another drug.

46
Q

A patient is taking a fish oil pill as a blood thinner. The patient will be going into surgery soon, and will require a blood-thickener to deal with the expected blood loss. As such, the physician orders the patient to take a Vitamin K pill, which thickens the blood. The introduction of the Vitamin K is an example of what?

a.) Synergist
b.) Antagonist
c.) Addition

A

b.) Antagonist

The Vitamin K works OPPOSITE to the effect of the fish oil pill; Fights the blood-thinning property by acting as a blood-thickener.

47
Q

Some drugs compete with one another for “Protein Binding Sites”. Sometimes, a drug will bump another drug off of a protein receptor site. In regard to the distribution of medications, this is action is known as what?

A

Displacement

48
Q

Some jackass comes along and uses the fancy word “Biotransformation”. What is another word for Biotransformation?

A

Metabolism

49
Q

The P-450 system is an enzymatic system that breaks down certain drugs. What is the P-450 system also called?

A

Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme system

50
Q

The Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme system (P-450 system) is a system that does what?

A

Uses special enzymes that breakdown certain drugs.

51
Q

True or False:
Different ethnicities have different enzyme levels.

A

True:
Different ethnicities have different enzyme levels.

52
Q

What factor of the Hepatic Metabolism accelerates drug excretion?

A

The Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme system (P-450 System)

53
Q

If two different drugs are given that are both broken down by P-450, what effect does this have on the system?

A

-The body may not be able to metabolize both drugs.
-Toxic buildup may occur because of the inability to metabolize both drugs using the P-450 system.

54
Q

Put these in order of effect for the First Pass effect:

a.) Drug enters hepatic circulation, goes to liver
b.) Drug is absorbed
c.) Drug is metabolized to inactive form
d.) Drug is distributed to general circulation
e.) Drug conjugates and leaves liver

A

b, a, c, e, d

-Drug is absorbed
-Drug enters hepatic circulation, goes to the liver
-Drug is metabolized to inactive form
-Drug conjugates and leaves the liver
-Drug is distributed to general circulation

55
Q

Dosage levels for certain medications need to be reduced for what age groups? Why?

A

Infants and the elderly

Because they have decreased drug metabolisms and metabolic activity

56
Q

If a patient has decreased drug metabolisms due to a lower metabolic activity, what does this mean for their dosage level?

A

The dosage needs to be reduced.

57
Q

What bodily fluid is used to measure drug concentrations?

A

Blood Pasma

58
Q

Drug-protein complexes and large substances are secreted into what part of the Nephron?

A

The Distal Tubule of the Nephron

59
Q

Which factors affect drug excretion:

a.) Liver or kidney impairment
b.) Blood flow
c.) Degree of ionization
d.) Lipid solubility
e.) Drug-protein complexes
f.) A & E
e.) A & B
h.) All of the above

A

h.) All of the above

Liver or kidney impairment
Blood flow
Degree of ionization
Lipid solubility
Drug-protein complexes
Metabolic activity

All of these affect drug excresion

60
Q

Name 3 - 5 factors that affect drug excretion.

A

-Liver or kidney impairment
-Blood flow
-Degree of ionization
-Lipid solubility
-Drug-protein complexes
-Metabolic activity

61
Q

In measuring the drug concentration via the patients’ blood plasma levels, what does the “Therapeutic Range” mean?

A

The plasma drug concentration in-between the minimum effective range, and the toxic concentration range

62
Q

How long a drug takes to become therapeutic after it is administered is known as its what?

A

A drugs “Onset of Action”

63
Q

A drugs “Onset of Action” refers to what?

A

how long it takes to become therapeutic after it is administered.

64
Q

A drugs “Peak Plasma Level” is when a drug at its what?

A

At its highest level in the bloodstream

65
Q

The length of time needed to decrease drug plasma concentration by half is known as a drugs what?

A

Half-life

66
Q

What is a drugs Half-Life?

A

The length of time needed to decrease plasma concentration by half.

67
Q

The greater a drugs half-life, the longer it takes to do what?

A

The longer it takes to excrete the drug.

68
Q

What factor of a drug determines its frequency and dosage?

A

The drugs half-life

69
Q

What is the type of dosage that gets the patient into the therapeutic range quicker?

A

A loading dose (primer dose) gets the drug into the therapeutic range quicker.

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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