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Pharmacology > Week 3 allergic rhinitis and common cold > Flashcards

Week 3 allergic rhinitis and common cold Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the Respiratory Tract?

A

To provide oxygenation and acid/base balance

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2
Q

Providing oxygenation and acid/base balance is the purpose of what bodily system?

A

The Respiratory System

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3
Q

What is the Autonomic Nerve System controlled by?

A

The Hypothalamus

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4
Q

There are 2 branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. What are these 2 branches?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

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5
Q

The Sympathetic nervous system reduces the thickness of the mucosal layer by doing what?

A

Constricting the arterioles

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6
Q

By constricting the arterioles, the Sympathetic Nervous System does what to the mucosal layer?

A

REDUCES the thickness of the mucosal layer

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7
Q

If the Sympathetic Nervous System constricts the arterioles, what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?

A

Dilates the arterioles

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8
Q

What happens to the mucosal layer when the Parasympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

It INCREASES the thickness of the mucosal layer.

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9
Q

Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system, which one decreases nasal stuffiness, and which one increases nasal stuffiness?

A

Sympathetic NS will decrease nasal stuffiness by constricting the arterioles, reducing blood flow and shrinking the mucosal layer.

Parasympathetic NS will increase stuffiness and cause a runny nose by Dilating the arterioles, increasing the mucosal layer and blood flow.

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10
Q

What lines the nasal cavities and contains immunoglobins and mast cells?

A

Mucus.

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11
Q

What are Mast Cells responsible for?

A

Histamine release and the allergic response; Allergic Rhinitis

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12
Q

What is Allergic Rhinitis started by?

A

Histamine release by the Mast Cells

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13
Q

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is known as what?

A

Allergic Rhinitis

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14
Q

What is Allergic Rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the Nasal Mucosa

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15
Q

What causes Allergic Rhinitis?

A

Exposure to allergy (Antigen) via the Nasal Mucosa; This causes a Histamine release from the nasal Mast Cells.

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16
Q

Sneezing, watery eyes and nasal congestion are characterizations of what?

A

Allergic Rhinitis

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17
Q

In relieving Allergic Rhinitis, would you use a drug that targets the Sympathetic or Parasympathetic NS? Why?

A

Sympathetic NS.

Sympathetic NS relieves stuffiness by constricting the arterioles and shrinking the mucosal area.

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18
Q

The easiest way to treat Allergic Rhinitis is through prevention. A preventative measure would be the use of what class of drug?

A

Prophylactics

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19
Q

What are some Prophylactics that you would use to prevent Allergic Rhinitis?

A

-Antihistamines
-Intranasal corticosteroids
-Mast Cell Stabilizers

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20
Q

What is a Histamine?

A

An Chemical mediator of inflammation released by Mast Cells as a response to Allergens (Antigens)

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21
Q

There are two types of Histamines. What are their names? Which is most common?

A

H1 Receptors and H2 Receptors

H1 is most common

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22
Q

Which of the Histamine receptors is responsible for Peptic ulcers? Where are they found?

A

H2 Receptors

Found in the Gastric mucosa

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23
Q

What cells release histamines?

A

Mast Cells and Basophils

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24
Q

A Patient exhibiting strong symptoms like Hypertension, an Edema and Bronchoconstriction may be experiencing what response?

A

Anaphylaxis

25
Q

Since an Antihistamine is a drug that fights against H1 receptors, what would that make an Antihistamine in regard to Receptor classifications?

A

An Antagonist

26
Q

A patient is experiencing Allergic Rhinitis. The nurse administers a drug and within one hour, the patient’s symptoms are relieved. The patient is now experiencing dry mouth/Mucous Membranes, and lowered congestion and eye tearing. However, the patient has also developed an increased heart rate, constipation, and drowsiness.
What was the medication given?

A

An Antihistamine

27
Q

vertigo & motion sickness, Parkinson’s disease, insomnia, urticarial(hives) are all diseases that can be treated with what prophylactic?

A

Antihistamines

28
Q

What are some diseases that can be treated by antihistamines, besides Allergic Rhinitis?

A

vertigo & motion sickness, Parkinson’s disease, insomnia, urticarial(hives)

29
Q

Antihistamines cause anticholinergic effects. What do anti cholinergic effects do?

A

They stop parasympathetic acetylcholine receptors.

30
Q

What stops Parasympathetic acetylcholine receptors.

A

Antihistamines; Anticholinergic effect

31
Q

The most popular antihistamine is diphenhydramine. What is the trade name for diphenhydramine?

A

Benadryl.

32
Q

The 2nd generation of antihistamines are actually less sedative than the 1st generation. What are 3 drugs in the 2nd generation?

A

-Zyrtec
-Allegra
-Claritin

33
Q

Zyrtec, Allegra, and Claritin are all examples of what?

A

2nd Generation antihistamines

34
Q

Which generation of Antihistamines have less sedative effects?

A

2nd generation

35
Q

What type of anti-inflammatory drug is applied directly into the nasal mucosa?

A

Intranasal Corticosteroids

36
Q

Glucocorticoids is another name for what?

A

Intranasal Corticosteroids.

37
Q

What is another name for Intranasal Corticosteroids?

A

Glucocorticoids

38
Q

An Intranasal Corticosteroid will cause mild vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa. What does this effect have on the mucosal tissue?

A

It will reduce the edema and the secretion of inflammatory mediators.

39
Q

If you wanted systemic treatment of Allergic Rhinitis, would you take an antihistamine, or an Intranasal Corticosteroid?

A

Antihistamine.

The Intranasal Corticosteroid is localized and topical, which makes it good for prevention if used daily, but doesn’t offer systemic treatment like an antihistamine pill would.

40
Q

Mometasone is an Intranasal Corticosteroid. What is Mometasone’s brand name?

A

Nasonex

41
Q

Decongestants activate which Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

42
Q

A worsening of congestion after therapeutic effects ends is known as what?

A

Rebound Congestion.

43
Q

Since the use of Decongestants can cause Rebound Congestion, how long should Decongestants be used for?

A

No longer than 3-5 days

44
Q

Acute Viral Rhinitis is a fancy word for what infection?

A

The Common Cold

45
Q

Some symptoms of the common cold are thickening of oral mucus, coughing, inflammation of the nasal mucosa, and congestion. Because of this, what are some Therapeutic drugs that should be offered to relieve symptoms?

A

-Antihistamines for the inflammation mediators
-Cough suppressants
-Mucosal Thinning meds for the thick expectorants
-Decongestants

46
Q

What do Antitussives inhibit?

A

Coughing

47
Q

What type of medication would be given to inhibit coughing?

A

An Antitussive

48
Q

If a patient had thick, bronchial secretions, what type of drug would be given to them to loosen the mucus?

A

A Mucolytic.

49
Q

When Antitussives aren’t enough to inhibit a severe cough, what is the next level of drug used?

A

Opioids.

50
Q

What would a Mucolytic be used to treat?

A

Thick bronchial secretions in the lungs

51
Q

What do Expectorants and Mucolytics both do for the bronchial system?

A

Reduce the thickness and viscocity of secretions.

52
Q

Cystic Fibrosis is commonly treated with what type of secretion drug?

A

Mucolytics.

53
Q

What is the brand name for the most common type of OTC Expectorant?

A

Mucinex

54
Q

When comparing Expectorants and Mucolytics, which of the two causes the chemical breakdown of mucus molecules?

A

Mucolytics cause the chemical breakdown of mucus molecules.

55
Q

An example of a Non-opioid Antitussive is Robitussin

A

An example of a Non-opioid Antitussive is Robitussin

56
Q

An example of an Opioid Antitussive is Hydrocodone

A

An example of an Opioid Antitussive is Hydrocodone

57
Q

What is an example of a Non-opioid Antitussive?

A

Robitussin

58
Q

What is an example of an Opioid Antitussive?

A

Hydrocodone

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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