Week 3 E Stim Lecture Pt 1

Question 1

Unit of measure that indicates the RATE OF FLOW

Answer 1

Ampere

Question 2

What unit of measurement is current described in?

Answer 2

Milliampere or microampere

net movement of electrons from higher potential to lower potential

Question 3

Volt vs Voltage

Answer 3

Volt - The electromotive force moving electrons

Voltage - force resulting from accumulation of electrons at one point in the electric circuit

Question 4

What is the term describing the ease at which current flows along a medium?

What term describes resistance to flow?

Answer 4

Conductance

Insulator

Question 5

How do you measure electrical resistance?

Answer 5

Ohms

Question 6

What is Ohms law?

Answer 6

Current is directly proportional to voltage an inversly proportional to resistance

Question 7

_______ is the force

______ is the flow

________ is the resistance

Answer 7

Volt

Amp

Ohm

Question 8

Fat and skin are a _______ conductor of electricity

Answer 8

Poor conductor

Great insulator

Question 9

Blood, nerve, and muscle are __________ conductors of electricity

Answer 9

Good conductors

Question 10

In the body, what is the best conductor of electricity?

Answer 10

Blood

Question 11

Does turning up the frequency of a current turn up the intensity?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

As frequency goes up skin ______________ goes down

Answer 12

Skin Impedence goes

Question 13

Which circuit do electrons flow in: An open circuit, or a closed circuit?

Answer 13

closed circuit

Question 14

TENS and IFC use what kind of current?

Answer 14

Alternating current

Question 15

T or F: Alternating current can cause chemical reactions on the skin

Answer 15

F because it is balanced with both positive and negative current

DC (Directional current) causes chemical reactions

Question 16

Electrons always move from _______

Answer 16

negative to positive

Question 17

Iontophoresis uses what kind of current?

Answer 17

DC (Directional current)

Uninterupted flow towards the postive pole

Question 18

The positive electrode is called ________

the negative electrode is called ______

Answer 18

Anode

Cathode

Question 19

HVPG and Russian stimulation uses what kind of current?

Answer 19

PC (Pulsatile) aka discontinuous current

Question 20

What kind of current is the most stimulating for nerves and muscles?

Answer 20

Pulsatile current (Hi Volt and Russian)

Question 21

What is the accomadation phenomenon?

Answer 21

A fiber that has been subjected to constant level of e-stim will become unexcitable at that intensity (amplitude)

Question 22

what is the BIGGEST difference between AC and DC

Answer 22

DC’s ability to cause chemical changes

note: With DC these will not happen until a period of time over one minute

Question 23

Skin and Fat is simular to what kind of electrical circuit?

Nerve/Blood/Connective tissue/muscle/bone is simular to what kind of electric circuit?

Answer 23

Series (high resistance and low current flow)

Parallel- resistors have low resistance and high current flow

Question 24

T or F: The path of least resistance is usually the shortest path

Answer 24

F

Question 25

What is frequency?

Answer 25

How many cycles per second: Hz

Question 26

What is intensity?

Answer 26

The amount of stimulation, measured in amps

Question 27

What is pulse duration?

Answer 27

How wide each wave is Can be changed to target specific structures

Question 28

Between frequency, Intensity, and Pulse Duration: What is the main one you increase in E-Stim?

Answer 28

Intensity (amps)

Question 29

What is capacitance?

Answer 29

A tissues ability to store electricity example: if you leave e-stim on there is a heat build up note: capacitance in tisue can be reduced by increasing frequency

Question 30

What kind of tissue has the highest capacitance? What has the lowest?

Answer 30

Highest: Muscle tissue Lowest: AB nerves

Question 31

Increased _____________ with decreased _______ is needed to stimulate tissues with higher capacitance AKA muscle

Answer 31

intensity pulse duration

Question 32

Pulse vs Cycle

Answer 32

**Pulse** applies to **DC**, it is the individual wave of a **monophasic current** **Cycle** applies to **AC**, it is both the **positive** and **negative** wave

Question 33

Increasing the amplitude of E-Stim causes what?

Answer 33

1. Current to reach **deeper** tissues 2. **Additional** nerve fibers 3. **Stronger** muscle contraction

Question 34

What does changing "Pulse Charge" do?

Answer 34

Determines the amount of chemicals formed Note: for DC the pulse charge is the same as the phase charge For AC, pulse charge is the sum of the positive and negative

Question 35

Pulse Rise- the time it takes for the pulse to reach maximum amplitude A slower pulse rise is usually more __________ compared to a faster pulse rise

Answer 35

More comfortable for the patient

Question 36

What is duty cycle?

Answer 36

The time on:off within the cycles or for the total time receiving stimulation

Question 37

What do these different duty cycles mean? 1:1 1:5 1:7

Answer 37

The first number is the time on, the second number is the time off 1:1 muscle will fatigue rapidly 1:5 less muscle fatigue 1:7 no fatigue (passive muscle exercise)

Question 38

What is the definition of frequency for E-Stim? What is the unit of measurement?

Answer 38

Number of impulses or cycles in 1 second pps (pulse per second) or Hz

Question 39

What kind of E-Stim is best for relieving pain?

Answer 39

IFC

Question 40

Tetany occurs at approximately what Hz/pps

Answer 40

50 Hz

Question 41

What does modulation mean?

Answer 41

Any change in the amplitude or frequency of the current

Question 42

Which has the highest number of electrons? The Anode or the Cathode?

Answer 42

Cathode

Question 43

If electrodes are placed **farther** apart, what happens?

Answer 43

The area of highest current density is **deeper** than if they're placed superficial

Question 44

Stimulus requires __________ in order to create an action potential and depolarization

Answer 44

Adequate intensity and duration

Question 45

When creating chemical effects using e-stim which is more alkaline, the anode or the cathode? which is more acidic?

Answer 45

Cathode- Alkaline effect Anode- Acidic effect

Question 46

What is Rheobase? What is Chronaxie?

Answer 46

**Rheobase**: The **INTENSITY** of current necessary to cause **OBSERVABLE** tissue response given a long duration **Chronaxis**: The **DURATION** required for a current of twice the itensity of rheobase to produce tissue excitation

Question 47

In order of stimulation, what is stimulated first to last: Motor Nerves, Sharp Pain nerves, Sensory Nerves , Dull pain nerves, Denervates muscle

Answer 47

First: AB(Sensory fibers) Motor Nerves AD Sharp Pain Nerves C Dull Pain Nerves Last: Denervated Muscle

Question 48

Nerves always depolarize in the same order, what is that order:

Answer 48

Sensory Motor Pain Denervated Muscles