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Ther-ex > Week 3 E Stim Lecture Pt 1 > Flashcards

Week 3 E Stim Lecture Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Unit of measure that indicates the RATE OF FLOW

A

Ampere

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2
Q

What unit of measurement is current described in?

A

Milliampere or microampere

net movement of electrons from higher potential to lower potential

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3
Q

Volt vs Voltage

A

Volt - The electromotive force moving electrons

Voltage - force resulting from accumulation of electrons at one point in the electric circuit

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4
Q

What is the term describing the ease at which current flows along a medium?

What term describes resistance to flow?

A

Conductance

Insulator

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5
Q

How do you measure electrical resistance?

A

Ohms

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6
Q

What is Ohms law?

A

Current is directly proportional to voltage an inversly proportional to resistance

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7
Q

_______ is the force

______ is the flow

________ is the resistance

A

Volt

Amp

Ohm

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8
Q

Fat and skin are a _______ conductor of electricity

A

Poor conductor

Great insulator

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9
Q

Blood, nerve, and muscle are __________ conductors of electricity

A

Good conductors

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10
Q

In the body, what is the best conductor of electricity?

A

Blood

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11
Q

Does turning up the frequency of a current turn up the intensity?

A

No

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12
Q

As frequency goes up skin ______________ goes down

A

Skin Impedence goes

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13
Q

Which circuit do electrons flow in: An open circuit, or a closed circuit?

A

closed circuit

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14
Q

TENS and IFC use what kind of current?

A

Alternating current

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15
Q

T or F: Alternating current can cause chemical reactions on the skin

A

F because it is balanced with both positive and negative current

DC (Directional current) causes chemical reactions

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16
Q

Electrons always move from _______

A

negative to positive

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17
Q

Iontophoresis uses what kind of current?

A

DC (Directional current)

Uninterupted flow towards the postive pole

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18
Q

The positive electrode is called ________

the negative electrode is called ______

A

Anode

Cathode

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19
Q

HVPG and Russian stimulation uses what kind of current?

A

PC (Pulsatile) aka discontinuous current

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20
Q

What kind of current is the most stimulating for nerves and muscles?

A

Pulsatile current (Hi Volt and Russian)

21
Q

What is the accomadation phenomenon?

A

A fiber that has been subjected to constant level of e-stim will become unexcitable at that intensity (amplitude)

22
Q

what is the BIGGEST difference between AC and DC

A

DC’s ability to cause chemical changes

note: With DC these will not happen until a period of time over one minute

23
Q

Skin and Fat is simular to what kind of electrical circuit?

Nerve/Blood/Connective tissue/muscle/bone is simular to what kind of electric circuit?

A

Series (high resistance and low current flow)

Parallel- resistors have low resistance and high current flow

24
Q

T or F: The path of least resistance is usually the shortest path

A

F

25
Q

What is frequency?

A

How many cycles per second: Hz

26
Q

What is intensity?

A

The amount of stimulation, measured in amps

27
Q

What is pulse duration?

A

How wide each wave is

Can be changed to target specific structures

28
Q

Between frequency, Intensity, and Pulse Duration:

What is the main one you increase in E-Stim?

A

Intensity (amps)

29
Q

What is capacitance?

A

A tissues ability to store electricity

example: if you leave e-stim on there is a heat build up

note: capacitance in tisue can be reduced by increasing frequency

30
Q

What kind of tissue has the highest capacitance?

What has the lowest?

A

Highest: Muscle tissue

Lowest: AB nerves

31
Q

Increased _____________ with decreased _______ is needed to stimulate tissues with higher capacitance AKA muscle

A

intensity

pulse duration

32
Q

Pulse vs Cycle

A

Pulse applies to DC, it is the individual wave of a monophasic current

Cycle applies to AC, it is both the positive and negative wave

33
Q

Increasing the amplitude of E-Stim causes what?

A
  1. Current to reach deeper tissues
  2. Additional nerve fibers
  3. Stronger muscle contraction
34
Q

What does changing “Pulse Charge” do?

A

Determines the amount of chemicals formed

Note: for DC the pulse charge is the same as the phase charge

For AC, pulse charge is the sum of the positive and negative

35
Q

Pulse Rise- the time it takes for the pulse to reach maximum amplitude

A slower pulse rise is usually more __________ compared to a faster pulse rise

A

More comfortable for the patient

36
Q

What is duty cycle?

A

The time on:off within the cycles or for the total time receiving stimulation

37
Q

What do these different duty cycles mean?

1:1

1:5

1:7

A

The first number is the time on, the second number is the time off

1:1 muscle will fatigue rapidly

1:5 less muscle fatigue

1:7 no fatigue (passive muscle exercise)

38
Q

What is the definition of frequency for E-Stim?

What is the unit of measurement?

A

Number of impulses or cycles in 1 second

pps (pulse per second) or Hz

39
Q

What kind of E-Stim is best for relieving pain?

A

IFC

40
Q

Tetany occurs at approximately what Hz/pps

A

50 Hz

41
Q

What does modulation mean?

A

Any change in the amplitude or frequency of the current

42
Q

Which has the highest number of electrons? The Anode or the Cathode?

A

Cathode

43
Q

If electrodes are placed farther apart, what happens?

A

The area of highest current density is deeper than if they’re placed superficial

44
Q

Stimulus requires __________ in order to create an action potential and depolarization

A

Adequate intensity and duration

45
Q

When creating chemical effects using e-stim which is more alkaline, the anode or the cathode? which is more acidic?

A

Cathode- Alkaline effect

Anode- Acidic effect

46
Q

What is Rheobase?

What is Chronaxie?

A

Rheobase: The INTENSITY of current necessary to cause OBSERVABLE tissue response given a long duration

Chronaxis: The DURATION required for a current of twice the itensity of rheobase to produce tissue excitation

47
Q

In order of stimulation, what is stimulated first to last:

Motor Nerves, Sharp Pain nerves, Sensory Nerves
, Dull pain nerves, Denervates muscle

A

First: AB(Sensory fibers)

Motor Nerves

AD Sharp Pain Nerves

C Dull Pain Nerves

Last: Denervated Muscle

48
Q

Nerves always depolarize in the same order, what is that order:

A

Sensory

Motor

Pain

Denervated Muscles

Ther-ex (11 decks)

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