Week 3 day 2 Flashcards
enzyme
speeds up reaction by lowering activation energy.
- does not get used up
- cannot make unfavorable reaction favorable.
Michaelis Menten equation
V= (Vmax * S)/km+S
S= substrate concentration
V = rate of reaction (enzyme productivity)
km = constant
Vmax = constant
Glucose
C6H12O6
Has 4 chiral centers and 16 isomers.
Functional group: Aldehyde
Left sided glucose isomer
Hydroxyl group bottom Carbon on left side, Hydrogen on Right
Not used in lhuman body
metabolic pathways of glucose
- glycogen
- glycerol (a part of fat)
- pyruvate
- DNA, RNA
Glycolysis
breaks down glucose and forms 2 pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP.
*one mole of glucose produces two moles of lactate
*different isomers of glucose can join the pathway at different points.
**in process you lose 6 H which cause acidosis. Glycolysis is anaerobic, does not use oxygen.
metabolism amino acids
amino acids become proteins which can become:
cell structure
communication/signaling molecules
enzymes
metabolism carbohydrates
carbohydrates can become:
structural membranes
signaling molecules
energy!
metabolism lipids
Lipids can become:
cell membranes
signaling molecules
energy!
nucleic acid
made from combination of amino acids and carbohydrates
Km
The Michaelis Menten constant which shows the concentration of the substrate when the reaction velocity is equal to one half of the maximal velocity of the reaction.
enantiomers
two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other but not superimposable.
pyruvate
Formed from glucose through glycolysis.
Can become protein or become Acetyl-CoA and go through Krebs cycle.
Fructose
C6H12O6
3 chiral carbons
8 isomers
Functional group: ketone
glucose
Mannose
galactose
ribose
How many ATP from glucose?
Glycolysis only: 2
glycolysis, electron transport chain, and krebs: 34-36
Things that can leave TCA cycle at any time:
Glutamate
fatty acids
purines
heme
pyrimidines
glucose calorie content
386 (kcal/mol)/ 180 (g/mole) = 3.8 kcal/g
Palmitate (fat) calorie count.
9 kcal/g
Respiratory exchange Quotient (ratio)
Ratio between the amount of CO2 produced from metabolism and the amount of O2 used.
*diet of pure carbs (glucose)- 6/6 = 1.0
Every O2 in = 1 CO2 out
*diet of pure protein (palmitate) 16/23 = 0.7
every O2 in = 0.7 CO2 out
mRNA
messenger RNA
Brings the info from the DNA to the ribosome.
It is the long chain that forms after the DNA splits.
Ends with AAAA chain.
rRNA
forms the ribosome in the nucleolus
tRNA
Brings the amino acid to the appropriate spot on the mRNA chain to form the protein.
exon
segment of DNA or RNA that contains a coding sequence for the protein.
intron
segment of DNA or RNA that has no code for the protein. Interrupts the sequence of genes and gets thrown out.
A&T
Adenine and Thymine
makes two hydrogen bonds
G&C
Guanine and Cytosine
makes three hydrogen bonds
3’ vs 5’
3 end has the third carbon available for bonding, 5 end has the fifth carbon available for bonding.
frame shift mutation
the codon gets shifted by one letter and all the rest of the codons are wrong.
3 parts of amino acids
amino group
carboxylic acid group
side chain
ATP from one mole of stearic acid
120
denature
destroying the characteristic properties of a protein with heat or acidity and disrupting its molecular conformation
5 carbon sugars
Ribose
arabinose
Xylose
5 steps of protein synthesis
- activation of tRNA
- initiation
- elongation
- termination
- folding and post-translational processing
aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Negative side chain
COOH–>COO-
acids are hydrogen donors
Arginine
Lysine
Histidine
Positive side chain
Uncharged polar side chain
Asparagine
Glutamine
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Elements of tertiary structure of proteins
- Disulfide bonds (curly hair, insulin)–strongest
- Hydrogen bonds
- Salt bridges- stronger than H, not as strong as S
- Hydrophobic interactions- weakest overall but affects all structions
