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Chem/Phys > Week 3 day 2 > Flashcards

Week 3 day 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

enzyme

A

speeds up reaction by lowering activation energy.

  • does not get used up
  • cannot make unfavorable reaction favorable.
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2
Q

Michaelis Menten equation

A

V= (Vmax * S)/km+S

S= substrate concentration

V = rate of reaction (enzyme productivity)

km = constant

Vmax = constant

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3
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6

Has 4 chiral centers and 16 isomers.

Functional group: Aldehyde

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4
Q

Left sided glucose isomer

A

Hydroxyl group bottom Carbon on left side, Hydrogen on Right

Not used in lhuman body

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5
Q

metabolic pathways of glucose

A
  1. glycogen
  2. glycerol (a part of fat)
  3. pyruvate
  4. DNA, RNA
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6
Q

Glycolysis

A

breaks down glucose and forms 2 pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP.

*one mole of glucose produces two moles of lactate

*different isomers of glucose can join the pathway at different points.

**in process you lose 6 H which cause acidosis. Glycolysis is anaerobic, does not use oxygen.

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7
Q

metabolism amino acids

A

amino acids become proteins which can become:

cell structure

communication/signaling molecules

enzymes

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8
Q

metabolism carbohydrates

A

carbohydrates can become:

structural membranes

signaling molecules

energy!

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9
Q

metabolism lipids

A

Lipids can become:

cell membranes

signaling molecules

energy!

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10
Q

nucleic acid

A

made from combination of amino acids and carbohydrates

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11
Q

Km

A

The Michaelis Menten constant which shows the concentration of the substrate when the reaction velocity is equal to one half of the maximal velocity of the reaction.

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12
Q

enantiomers

A

two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other but not superimposable.

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13
Q

pyruvate

A

Formed from glucose through glycolysis.

Can become protein or become Acetyl-CoA and go through Krebs cycle.

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14
Q

Fructose

A

C6H12O6

3 chiral carbons

8 isomers

Functional group: ketone

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15
Q
A

glucose

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16
Q
A

Mannose

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17
Q
A

galactose

18
Q
A

ribose

19
Q

How many ATP from glucose?

A

Glycolysis only: 2

glycolysis, electron transport chain, and krebs: 34-36

20
Q

Things that can leave TCA cycle at any time:

A

Glutamate

fatty acids

purines

heme

pyrimidines

21
Q

glucose calorie content

A

386 (kcal/mol)/ 180 (g/mole) = 3.8 kcal/g

22
Q

Palmitate (fat) calorie count.

A

9 kcal/g

23
Q

Respiratory exchange Quotient (ratio)

A

Ratio between the amount of CO2 produced from metabolism and the amount of O2 used.

*diet of pure carbs (glucose)- 6/6 = 1.0

Every O2 in = 1 CO2 out

*diet of pure protein (palmitate) 16/23 = 0.7

every O2 in = 0.7 CO2 out

24
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

Brings the info from the DNA to the ribosome.

It is the long chain that forms after the DNA splits.

Ends with AAAA chain.

25
Q

rRNA

A

forms the ribosome in the nucleolus

26
Q

tRNA

A

Brings the amino acid to the appropriate spot on the mRNA chain to form the protein.

27
Q

exon

A

segment of DNA or RNA that contains a coding sequence for the protein.

28
Q

intron

A

segment of DNA or RNA that has no code for the protein. Interrupts the sequence of genes and gets thrown out.

29
Q

A&T

A

Adenine and Thymine

makes two hydrogen bonds

30
Q

G&C

A

Guanine and Cytosine

makes three hydrogen bonds

31
Q

3’ vs 5’

A

3 end has the third carbon available for bonding, 5 end has the fifth carbon available for bonding.

32
Q

frame shift mutation

A

the codon gets shifted by one letter and all the rest of the codons are wrong.

33
Q

3 parts of amino acids

A

amino group

carboxylic acid group

side chain

34
Q

ATP from one mole of stearic acid

A

120

35
Q

denature

A

destroying the characteristic properties of a protein with heat or acidity and disrupting its molecular conformation

36
Q

5 carbon sugars

A

Ribose

arabinose

Xylose

37
Q

5 steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. activation of tRNA
  2. initiation
  3. elongation
  4. termination
  5. folding and post-translational processing
38
Q

aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

A

Negative side chain

COOH–>COO-

acids are hydrogen donors

39
Q

Arginine

Lysine

Histidine

A

Positive side chain

40
Q

Uncharged polar side chain

A

Asparagine

Glutamine

Serine

Threonine

Tyrosine

41
Q

Elements of tertiary structure of proteins

A
  1. Disulfide bonds (curly hair, insulin)–strongest
  2. Hydrogen bonds
  3. Salt bridges- stronger than H, not as strong as S
  4. Hydrophobic interactions- weakest overall but affects all structions

Chem/Phys (11 decks)

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