Week 1 Day 1

Question 1

Log(x)=y

Answer 1

10^y=x

Question 2

Y=mx+b Calculate slope:

Answer 2

M= (y2-y1)/(x2-X1)

Question 3

Accuracy

Answer 3

How close the average of measured values are to the true value

• assessed by the percent error of measurement

Question 4

Precision

Answer 4

How close the measured values are to each other

• assessed by calculating the standard deviation of measurements

Question 5

% error

Answer 5

(Measured value-“true” or accepted value)/true or accepted value

Question 6

Standard Deviation

Answer 6

Quantifies the amount of variation (precision) of data values. Low standard deviation indicates data points are close to the mean.

Question 7

Peta (P)

Answer 7

10¹⁵

Question 8

Tera (T)

Answer 8

10¹²

Question 9

Giga (G)

Answer 9

10⁹

Question 10

Mega (M)

Answer 10

10⁶

Question 11

Kilo (k)

Answer 11

10³

Question 12

Hecto (h)

Answer 12

10²

Question 13

Deca (da)

Answer 13

10

Question 14

Deci (d)

Answer 14

10^-1

Question 15

Centi (c)

Answer 15

10^-2

Question 16

Milli (m)

Answer 16

10^-3

Question 17

Micro (µ)

Answer 17

10^-6

Question 18

Nano (n)

Answer 18

10^-9

Question 19

Descriptive statistics

Answer 19

Describe a data set; used to organize and summarize the data

Question 20

Inferential statistics

Answer 20

Used to draw conclusions about the data

Question 21

Population

Answer 21

The group from which data is collected

Question 22

Sample

Answer 22

A subset of a population

Question 23

Variable

Answer 23

A characteristic of any member of a population possibly differing in quality or quantity from one member to another

Question 24

Categorical variables

Answer 24

Variable with qualitative values:

nominal

ordinal

dichotomous

Question 25

Continuous variables

Answer 25

Can be measured along a continuum:

internal

ratio

Question 26

Nominal variable

Answer 26

no intrinsic order.

Ex. Description of shirt

Question 27

Ordinal variables

Answer 27

Have order, but not necessarily at equal intervals

Ex. Rating of tofu

Question 28

Dichotomous

Answer 28

Only 2 values

Ex. Male/ Female

Question 29

Interval

Answer 29

numberical value and is measured

Ex. Height, age, # years as nurse

Question 30

Ratio

Answer 30

Numeric, measured value with a 0

Ex. height, years as nurse

Question 31

Range

Answer 31

highest value to lowest value

Question 32

Interquartile range

Answer 32

75th percentile - 25th percentile

Question 33

SEM

Answer 33

Standard error of mean- measures the accuracy for which the sample represents the population

Question 34

Null hypothesis

Answer 34

there is no difference between the things being tested

Question 35

T-test

Answer 35

t = (Mean1 – Mean2) / √(SEM12 + SEM22)

Question 36

chance error

Answer 36

Random variations. T-test will tell us if the results were caused by chance

Bigger sample size fixes this error.

Question 37

Bias

Answer 37

Systematic variation

• selection bias
• measurement bias
• analysis bias

Question 38

Confounding

Answer 38

An underlying variable that affects the variable that you are testing for

Ex. Testing for avg height of SRNA students at a military CRNA school. Military is more likely to be male, males are more likely to be taller

Question 39

DOE

Answer 39

Disease Oriented Evidence

blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose

Question 40

POEM

Answer 40

Patient Oriented Evidence that Matters

mortality and morbidity

Question 41

Clinical trial

Answer 41

Experimental study where exposure is decided by investigator

Question 42

Randomized controlled trial

Answer 42

“double blind” clinical trial

Question 43

Cohort Study

Answer 43

People with a variable (e.g. Hypertension) and people without are identified and followed for a long time

Question 44

Case-Control Study

Answer 44

Identified subjects with certain variable and a control group without and looks back in time (chart review)

Works well for rare diseases.

Question 45

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 45

Identifies presence or absence of a disease and an exposure at the same time.

Ex. Asking a random group of people a bunch of questions at a fair. You don’t get any answers, just more questions.

Question 46

Case Report

Answer 46

Reports about a single part or series of pets with certain disease. Usually offers a hypothesis but does not test hypothesis b/c there is no comparison group.

Question 47

Incidence

Answer 47

number of new diagnoses or events

Question 48

Prevalence

Answer 48

of persons in populations affected by a disease at a specific time divided by the number of persons in the population at the time

Question 49

Relative risk

Answer 49

ratio of the incidence of disease in exposed group/incidence of disease in unexposed group

Question 50

Sensitivity

Answer 50

Ability of the test to identify correctly those who have the disease

number of subjects with positive test who have the disease divided by all subjects who have the disease

Question 51

Specificity

Answer 51

The ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease

of subjects with negative test and no disease divided by the # of subjects with no disease.

Question 52

Positive predictive value

Answer 52

Probability of disease in a patient with a positive test.

Question 53

Negative predictive value

Answer 53

probability of not having the disease if he has a negative test result

Question 54

Odds ratio

Answer 54

odds of exposure in the group with disease / the odds of exposure in the control group

Question 55

exact number

Answer 55

can be reproducibly determined by counting or is defined

*have infinite precision and significan figures

*are NOT obtained using measuring devices

Question 56

density

Answer 56

m/v

Question 57

specific gravity

Answer 57

density of substance/density of water