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2000 > WEEK 3 COMMUNITY HEALTH NEEDS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY > Flashcards

WEEK 3 COMMUNITY HEALTH NEEDS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Community Health Promotion Model? (5)

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Analysis
  3. Planning
  4. Intervention
  5. Evaluation
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2
Q

What is Assessment in the Community Health Promotion Model?

A
  • Focus on purpose of assessment
  • Assess what determines the health of the community
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3
Q

What is Analysis in the Community Health Promotion Model?

A
  • Identify community strengths and needs
  • Formulate community diagnosis
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4
Q

Steps of planning a health promotion program (6)

A
  1. Pre-planning and project management
  2. Conduct a community assessment
  3. Identify goals, populations of interest and objectives
  4. Identify strategies, activities, processes, objectives and resources
  5. Develop indicators
  6. Review the program plan (Evaluation)
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5
Q

What is community health needs assessment?

A

A process that

  • Describes the state of health of the people within a community
  • Helps identify major risk factors and causes of ill health
  • Identifies potential actions needed to address the major risk factors
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6
Q

Doing a needs assessment involves (6)

A
  1. Determine scope of project
  2. Define the players, partners, and information sources
  3. Identify the needs
  4. Identify opportunities to address those needs
  5. Set priorities for action: what are we going to focus on on now?
  6. Implement then study the impact
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7
Q

Why are community health needs assessments done?

Unsure if i need to know lol

A
  • Determine health status of community
  • Make sure decisions are based evidence
  • Set priorities
  • Get community members, stakeholders and other partners involved
  • Guide policy and program development
  • Provide information on funding allocations
  • Helps map out links and interdependence to other sectors.
  • Provide insight into root causes and pathways of disease and ill-health
  • Identify opportunities for disease prevention, health promotion and health protection.
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8
Q

What is epidemiology?

A
  • The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in specified populations
  • Applying that knowledge to control health problems
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9
Q

What are the functions of epidemiology? (5)

A
  1. Public health surveillance, leads to health policy development
  2. Field investigation
  3. Analytic studies
  4. Evaluation
  5. Linkages
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10
Q

What is the epidemiologic triad?

A
  • Model of disease causation, can increase risk
    Host (top)
    Agent▲Environment
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11
Q

What are descriptive measures of health? (4)

A
  • Morbidity
  • Mortality
  • Incidence
  • Prevalence
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12
Q

What are rates and mortality indicators? (3)

A

Rate: frequency which an event occurs in a defined pop. over a specified period of time

  1. Infant mortality
  2. Neonatal morality
  3. Case fatality rate
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13
Q

What is Infant mortality?

A
  • Used as a benchmark of the health of a country
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14
Q

What is Neonatal mortality?

A
  • Used to compare their obstetrics services
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15
Q

What is case fatality rate?

A
  • What is the likelihood that I will die from this disease
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16
Q

How do you calculate Infant mortality rate (IMR)?

A

IMR = number of infant deaths during a time period/number of live births during a time period
x 1,000

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17
Q

What is Incidence?

A
  • Incidence is a rate that reflects risk of disease or condition in a given time period, those who develop
  • New cases
  • Population at risk
18
Q

How do you calculate Incidence?

A

Incidence rate = number of new cases during a time period/population at risk during that time period

19
Q

What is prevalence

A
  • Those who have a specific disease in a given time
  • All current cases
20
Q

How do you calculate prevalence

A

Prevalence = number of existing cases/total number in the population at risk

21
Q

What is point prevalence?

A

At a particular instant in time

22
Q

What is period prevalnce?

A

during a particular interval of time (existing cases + new cases)

23
Q

What are the 5 W’s of descriptive epidemiology?

A
  • What? Diagnosis or health event
  • Who? Person(s) affected
  • When? Time
  • Where? Place(s)
  • Why/how? Causes, risk factors, mode of transmission
24
Q

What are analytic measure of health?

A
  • Comparison groups to assess if there is a relationship between these factors and a health condition?
  • Identifying factors and risks associated with the disease
  • May point to preventative measures
25
Q

What are 3 methods to compare and analyze rates?

A
  1. Relative risk ratio
  2. Odds ratio
  3. Attributable risk
26
Q

What is Risk Ratio?

A
  • Used to identify differences in disease rate between exposed and unexposed
  • The probability of an event occurring in an exposed group to the probability of an even occurring in a comparison group
  • Most common measure of association used by epidemiologists
27
Q

What is prospective data?

A
  • Used in risk ratio
  • When you pick a group presently, then you follow them to find out who is exposed and develops the disease
28
Q

What is retrospective data?

A
  • When you find a group and then look backwards to what they’ve been exposed to in the past

Ex. Smoking and lung cancer, look back to see who has been exposed to tobacco and who has not been exposed

29
Q

How do you calculate relative risk ratio?

A

RR = incidence rate among those exposed/incidence rate of those not exposed

  • This tells us if the rate of the exposed pop. is higher than the rate of the non-exposed pop.
  • if RR = 1, then there is no difference
  • if RR > 1, then there is an association between exposure and disease
30
Q

Study Contingency Table for RR

A

RR = disease in exposed : disease in the unexposed

= A/A+B : C/C+D
divide

31
Q

What is odds ratio?

A
  • Retrospective data analysis
  • When prospective data is not available, retrospective data analysis can help approximate the risk
  • Identifies the likelihood of exposure to risk, when comparing two groups (one with and one without disease)
  • The odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure
32
Q

How do you calculate odds ratio?

A

OR = exposure odds in disease group/exposure odds in non-disease groups

  • Gives an estimate of the relative risk factor
  • if OR = 1, there is no association
  • if OR >1, there is an association between exposure and disease
33
Q

Study contingency table for OR

A

OR = ratio odds of exposure in those with disease : odds of exposure in those with no disease

Formula for Odds ratios:
= (A/C)/(B/D) = AD/BC

34
Q

What are the observational study designs used in epidemiology? (3)

A
  1. Cohort study
  2. Case control study
  3. Cross-sectional study
35
Q

What is a cohort study?

A
  • Prospective design, follows a group of individuals over time
  • Start by measuring exposure and then monitoring for outcomes
  • Eliminate prevalence cases
  • Monitor for incidence cases
36
Q

What is a cohort study used to calculate?

A
  • Used to calculate relative risk (RR)
37
Q

What is case control study?

A
  • Uses retrospective data
  • Starts with the outcome of interest, and looks back to determine exposure
  • Starts with prevalence
  • Uses a control group who has similar characteristics for comparison of baseline
38
Q

What is case control used to calculate?

A
  • Used to calculate relative risk and odds ratio
39
Q

What is cross-sectional study?

A
  • Occurs at one point in time
  • Data collected is about exposure and outcome at the same time
  • Preliminary, baseline or association results
40
Q

What is cross-sectional study used to calculate?

A
  • Cannot predict risk, but is used for planning, evaluation, or measuring change

2000 (11 decks)

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