Week 3 (Chapter 18, 20, 24)

Question 1

What are engrams?

Answer 1

the material change in the brain that is associated with a particular memory

Question 2

Synaptic weight can be strengthened by _____, and weakened by ______

Answer 2

• long-term potentiation

- long-term depression

Question 3

Neural circuits underlying instinctual behaviour are programmed by the _____

Answer 3

genome

Question 4

What are label lines and what do they do?

Answer 4

• they connect perceptual input with appropriate motor outputs
• provide the basis for many instinctual behaviours

Question 5

Long-term memory is attributed to _____

Answer 5

strengthened synaptic weight

Question 6

Short-term memory does not require ______

Answer 6

new gene expression or protein synthesis

Question 7

What would the administration of protein synthesis inhibitors after training do?

Answer 7

Long-term retrograde amnesia of the trained behaviour

Question 8

What is information specificity?

Answer 8

The ability to manipulate engrams of specific isolated experiences

Question 9

Apparently lost memories can be due to _______, but the learned information _______

Answer 9

• impaired access to engrams

- remains intact

Question 10

Engram cells tagged by the same experience in different regions of the brain ______

Answer 10

are connected to each other

Question 11

What is an ingram?

Answer 11

A genetically encoded engram containing information useful for survival

Question 12

What functions are the hippocampus necessary for?

Answer 12

episodic memory and information regarding spacial relationships

Question 13

According to the temporal context model, how are memories stored?

Answer 13

Based on the point in time they occurred

Question 14

Upon a lesion in the hippocampus, what kinds of task performance are impaired?

Answer 14

Memory tasks that require the representation of spatial, temporal, or situational context

Question 15

In humans and rats, what do hippocampal activity patterns carry information about?

Answer 15

context, rather than the object itself

Question 16

Core functions of the hippocampus may emerge because _______

Answer 16

hippocampal cell assemblies tend to fire in sequential order over short intervals

Question 17

What is a spatiotemporal scaffold?

Answer 17

a segment of experience that can be associated with other inputs in a novel environment, or through error-driven learning in a familiar environment

Question 18

What do hippocampal cell assemblies predict?

Answer 18

future states

Question 19

What are hippocampal cell assembly sequences?

Answer 19

overlapping populations of neurons that are active across successive time points

Question 20

Consolidated memories can return to ______, nd can be _______

Answer 20

• their unstable states

- diminished, enhanced, or modified

Question 21

What is cue-induced amnesia (reconsolidation)?

Answer 21

Amnesia for a consolidated memory that can be induced if a reminder is presented before amnestic manipulation

Question 22

What are the three stages of the reconsolidation effect?

Answer 22

Reactivation, destabilization, reconsolidation

Question 23

What happens during reactivation?

Answer 23

An inactive memory becomes active again via firing of the neurons that initially encoded the memory

Question 24

What is trace dominance?

Answer 24

The idea that a retrieved memory can only become destabilized if it is the dominant memory trace in the brain at the moment

Question 25

How can prediction error influence destabilization?

Answer 25

Large PE can cause a new memory to be formed, rather than the target memory to be destabilized

Question 26

What pharmacological agent used to modify memories is also safe for use in humans, and what does it do?

Answer 26

Propanolol, which reduces the effect of emotions in memories

Question 27

What is a problem with pRF models?

Answer 27

linear models cannot fully predict fMRI data

Question 28

What is sensory binding?

Answer 28

Reconstructing a coherent perceptual scene from several different sensory channels

Question 29

What are the two computational problems with multisensory perception?

Answer 29

• Causal inference

- weighting senses based on reliability

Question 30

What are 3 functions of prediction error for Bayesian inference in speech?

Answer 30

• Word recognition in the presence of noise
• Learning by minimizing prediction error
• detecting new words

Question 31

Declarative memory requires the hippocampal complex for ______

Answer 31

consolidation

Question 32

Synaptic plasticity is important for _____, but synaptic stability is important for _____

Answer 32

• learning

- memory

Question 33

What are the different types of attention tasks?

Answer 33

• sustained attention tasks - a stimulus is held in attention for a long time
• symbolic cuing tasks - a symbol cues the participant about how to respond
• divided-attention tasks - detection of more than one stimulus

Question 34

What is the difference between feature search and conjunction search?

Answer 34

Feature search is identifying an item based on an identifying feature that pops out, while conjunction search is based on a distinguishing combination of multiple features

Question 35

How can attention affect the neuronal processing of information?

Answer 35

• change the magnitude of activation
• change the variance of activation of a neuronal population
• shift neural tuning