Week 3 (Chapter 18, 20, 24) Flashcards
What are engrams?
the material change in the brain that is associated with a particular memory
Synaptic weight can be strengthened by _____, and weakened by ______
- long-term potentiation
- long-term depression
Neural circuits underlying instinctual behaviour are programmed by the _____
genome
What are label lines and what do they do?
- they connect perceptual input with appropriate motor outputs
- provide the basis for many instinctual behaviours
Long-term memory is attributed to _____
strengthened synaptic weight
Short-term memory does not require ______
new gene expression or protein synthesis
What would the administration of protein synthesis inhibitors after training do?
Long-term retrograde amnesia of the trained behaviour
What is information specificity?
The ability to manipulate engrams of specific isolated experiences
Apparently lost memories can be due to _______, but the learned information _______
- impaired access to engrams
- remains intact
Engram cells tagged by the same experience in different regions of the brain ______
are connected to each other
What is an ingram?
A genetically encoded engram containing information useful for survival
What functions are the hippocampus necessary for?
episodic memory and information regarding spacial relationships
According to the temporal context model, how are memories stored?
Based on the point in time they occurred
Upon a lesion in the hippocampus, what kinds of task performance are impaired?
Memory tasks that require the representation of spatial, temporal, or situational context
In humans and rats, what do hippocampal activity patterns carry information about?
context, rather than the object itself
Core functions of the hippocampus may emerge because _______
hippocampal cell assemblies tend to fire in sequential order over short intervals
What is a spatiotemporal scaffold?
a segment of experience that can be associated with other inputs in a novel environment, or through error-driven learning in a familiar environment
What do hippocampal cell assemblies predict?
future states
What are hippocampal cell assembly sequences?
overlapping populations of neurons that are active across successive time points
Consolidated memories can return to ______, nd can be _______
- their unstable states
- diminished, enhanced, or modified
What is cue-induced amnesia (reconsolidation)?
Amnesia for a consolidated memory that can be induced if a reminder is presented before amnestic manipulation
What are the three stages of the reconsolidation effect?
Reactivation, destabilization, reconsolidation
What happens during reactivation?
An inactive memory becomes active again via firing of the neurons that initially encoded the memory
What is trace dominance?
The idea that a retrieved memory can only become destabilized if it is the dominant memory trace in the brain at the moment
How can prediction error influence destabilization?
Large PE can cause a new memory to be formed, rather than the target memory to be destabilized
What pharmacological agent used to modify memories is also safe for use in humans, and what does it do?
Propanolol, which reduces the effect of emotions in memories
What is a problem with pRF models?
linear models cannot fully predict fMRI data
What is sensory binding?
Reconstructing a coherent perceptual scene from several different sensory channels
What are the two computational problems with multisensory perception?
- Causal inference
- weighting senses based on reliability
What are 3 functions of prediction error for Bayesian inference in speech?
- Word recognition in the presence of noise
- Learning by minimizing prediction error
- detecting new words
Declarative memory requires the hippocampal complex for ______
consolidation
Synaptic plasticity is important for _____, but synaptic stability is important for _____
- learning
- memory
What are the different types of attention tasks?
- sustained attention tasks - a stimulus is held in attention for a long time
- symbolic cuing tasks - a symbol cues the participant about how to respond
- divided-attention tasks - detection of more than one stimulus
What is the difference between feature search and conjunction search?
Feature search is identifying an item based on an identifying feature that pops out, while conjunction search is based on a distinguishing combination of multiple features
How can attention affect the neuronal processing of information?
- change the magnitude of activation
- change the variance of activation of a neuronal population
- shift neural tuning
