Chapter 2

Question 1

Myelination occurs as a result of ______ communication between ______ and ______

Answer 1

• reciprocal
• neurons
• oligodendrocytes

Question 2

Myelination occurs until at least age

Answer 2

28

Question 3

Causes of changes of brain structure during childhood and adolescence

Answer 3

• changes in myelination and axonal quality

- changes in organization and density of synapses

Question 4

Synaptogenesis in humans begins ______ and continues for ______

Answer 4

• the third trimester of fetal life

- a varying amount of time

Question 5

Synaptogenesis in the auditory cortex peaks at _______

Answer 5

3 months

Question 6

Synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex occurs until age

Answer 6

3.5, or longer

Question 7

After synaptogenesis, ______ occurs

Answer 7

Synaptic pruning

Question 8

A benefit of using MRI over other forms of imaging or post-mortem studies:

Answer 8

It allows you to study the same person over long periods of time

Question 9

Brain volume _____ in the first year of life, increases by _____ in the second, and reaches ______ by age 6

Answer 9

• doubles
• 15%
• 95% of peak volume

Question 10

White matter is composed of:

Answer 10

primarily myelinated axons

Question 11

White matter development is _____ across the brain lobes

Answer 11

consistent

Question 12

A key white matter structure is the ______

Answer 12

corpus callosum

Question 13

What does the corpus callosum contain?

Answer 13

~200 million axons connecting the left and right hemispheres

Question 14

What does diffusion tensor imaging do?

Answer 14

measures diffusion of water through different regions of the brain

Question 15

What is fractional anisotropy?

Answer 15

A measure of the degree of nonramdomess of water diffusion

Question 16

High anisotropy indicates ______, reuslting in ______

Answer 16

• bundled myelinated axons and axonal pruning

- more efficient neuronal signalling and improved cognitive performance

Question 17

Grey matter _____ in childhood and _____ in adolescence

Answer 17

• increases

- decreases

Question 18

Reductions in grey matter may reflect ______ and/or ______

Answer 18

• synaptic reorganization

- increases in white matter

Question 19

Increases in grey matter start in ______ and lastly occur in ______

Answer 19

• primary sensorimotor areas

- higher-order association areas that integrate those primary functions

Question 20

Grey matter volume is the product of _____ and _____

Answer 20

• cortical thickness

- surface area

Question 21

Amygdala and hippocampus GM volumes increase during ages

Answer 21

1 month to 8 years

Question 22

Basal ganglia GM volume ______ during adolescence, although data for the ______ is mixed

Answer 22

• decrease

- caudate