Week 3 Flashcards
System 1
The intuitive, automatic, unconscious and fast way of thinking.
System 2
The deliberate, controlled, and slower way of thinking.
Priming
Activating particular associations in memory.
Ex: Scary movie - noises at night frighten you.
Embodied Cognition
The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements.
Ex: People eating alone - room feels colder.
Automatic Processing
Impulsive, effortless, without awareness.
Controlled Processing
Reflective, deliberate, conscious.
What are some limits to intuition
Capacity for illusion, illusory intuition
Overconfidence Phenomenon
The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate accuracy of one’s beliefs.
Why does the overconfidence phenomenon occur?
Incompetence feeds confidence
People give too much weight to their intentions
Confirmation Bias & What can prevent it
A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions.
Using System 2.
Remedies for overconfidence
Be wary of others dogmatic statements, prompt feedback, falsify judgements, unpack tasks (planning fallacy).
Heuristics
A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements.
Representative Heuristic
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone/something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.
Availability Heuristic
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory.
If instances come readily to mind we consider them commonplace.
Counterfactual Thinking
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that may have happened - but didn’t.
“If only”
Underlies feelings of luck.
Ex: Podium rank of happiness: 1-3-2.
Illusory Correlation
A perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.
Regression towards the average
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behaviour to return toward the persons average.
Mood influencing judgement
Mood primes recollection of events,
Attribute changing moods to environment,
Mood-related thoughts distract us from complex thinking
Belief Perseverance
Persistence of your initial conceptions, as when the basis of your belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
Misinformation Effect
Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of an event, after witnessing an event and then receiving misleading information about it.
Misattribution
Mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong cause
Attribution Theory
The theory of how people explain the behaviour of others - internal or external cause.
Dispositional Attribution
Attributing behaviours to the person’s dispositions and traits.
Situational Attribution
Attributing behaviour to the environment.
Spontaneous trait inference
An effortless, automatic, inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behaviour.
The fundamental attribution error OR Correspondance Bias
The tendency for observers to underestimate the situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on other’s behaviour.
Actor-Observer Difference
Environment commands our attention when we act (especially when we’ve done wrong), when others act that person becomes the centre of our attention and the situation becomes irrelevant.
Why do we make the Attribution error
actor-observer difference,
find causes where we look,
see ourselves as more variable,
cultural differences.
Cultural Differences - Attribution Error
Western: Focus on people - not situations
Collectivist: More likely to offer situational explanation.
Why study attribution error
humanitarian reasons, benefit from awareness, reveal how we think about ourselves and others.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment.
Behavioural Confirmation
Type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.
