Week 3

Question 1

System 1

Answer 1

The intuitive, automatic, unconscious and fast way of thinking.

Question 2

System 2

Answer 2

The deliberate, controlled, and slower way of thinking.

Question 3

Priming

Answer 3

Activating particular associations in memory.

Ex: Scary movie - noises at night frighten you.

Question 4

Embodied Cognition

Answer 4

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements.
Ex: People eating alone - room feels colder.

Question 5

Automatic Processing

Answer 5

Impulsive, effortless, without awareness.

Question 6

Controlled Processing

Answer 6

Reflective, deliberate, conscious.

Question 7

What are some limits to intuition

Answer 7

Capacity for illusion, illusory intuition

Question 8

Overconfidence Phenomenon

Answer 8

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate accuracy of one’s beliefs.

Question 9

Why does the overconfidence phenomenon occur?

Answer 9

Incompetence feeds confidence

People give too much weight to their intentions

Question 10

Confirmation Bias & What can prevent it

Answer 10

A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions.
Using System 2.

Question 11

Remedies for overconfidence

Answer 11

Be wary of others dogmatic statements, prompt feedback, falsify judgements, unpack tasks (planning fallacy).

Question 12

Heuristics

Answer 12

A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements.

Question 13

Representative Heuristic

Answer 13

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone/something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.

Question 14

Availability Heuristic

Answer 14

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory.
If instances come readily to mind we consider them commonplace.

Question 15

Counterfactual Thinking

Answer 15

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that may have happened - but didn’t.
“If only”
Underlies feelings of luck.
Ex: Podium rank of happiness: 1-3-2.

Question 16

Illusory Correlation

Answer 16

A perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Question 17

Regression towards the average

Answer 17

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behaviour to return toward the persons average.

Question 18

Mood influencing judgement

Answer 18

Mood primes recollection of events,
Attribute changing moods to environment,
Mood-related thoughts distract us from complex thinking

Question 19

Belief Perseverance

Answer 19

Persistence of your initial conceptions, as when the basis of your belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

Question 20

Misinformation Effect

Answer 20

Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of an event, after witnessing an event and then receiving misleading information about it.

Question 21

Misattribution

Answer 21

Mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong cause

Question 22

Attribution Theory

Answer 22

The theory of how people explain the behaviour of others - internal or external cause.

Question 23

Dispositional Attribution

Answer 23

Attributing behaviours to the person’s dispositions and traits.

Question 24

Situational Attribution

Answer 24

Attributing behaviour to the environment.

Question 25

Spontaneous trait inference

Answer 25

An effortless, automatic, inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behaviour.

Question 26

The fundamental attribution error OR Correspondance Bias

Answer 26

The tendency for observers to underestimate the situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on other’s behaviour.

Question 27

Actor-Observer Difference

Answer 27

Environment commands our attention when we act (especially when we’ve done wrong), when others act that person becomes the centre of our attention and the situation becomes irrelevant.

Question 28

Why do we make the Attribution error

Answer 28

actor-observer difference,
find causes where we look,
see ourselves as more variable,
cultural differences.

Question 29

Cultural Differences - Attribution Error

Answer 29

Western: Focus on people - not situations
Collectivist: More likely to offer situational explanation.

Question 30

Why study attribution error

Answer 30

humanitarian reasons, benefit from awareness, reveal how we think about ourselves and others.

Question 31

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Answer 31

Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment.

Question 32

Behavioural Confirmation

Answer 32

Type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.