Week 1 Flashcards
Correlational Research
The study of the naturally occurring relationship among variables
Culture
The enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, traditions, products, and institutions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Demand Characteristics
Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behaviour is expected
Dependent Variable
The variable being measured - may depend on manipulation of independent
Experimental Realism
Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves participants
Experimental Research
Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others
Hypotheses
Testable propositions that describe relationships that may exist between events
Field Research
Natural, real-life settings outside of lab
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to overexaggerate after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out
Independent Variables
Experimental factors that a researcher manipulates
Informed Consent
An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Mundane Realism
Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations
Naturalistic Fallacy
The error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable
Observational Research Method
Where individuals are observed in natural settings, often without awareness, in order to provide opportunity for objective analysis of behaviour
Random Assignment
The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in given condition
Random Sample
Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has equal chance of inclusion n
Social Neuroscience
An integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviours
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how people think about, influence, an relate to one another
Social Representative
Socially shared beliefs; widely held ideas and values including our assumptions and cultural ideologies.
Theory
An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events
What are the major themes of social psychology
- we construct our own social reality
- our social institutions are powerful but perilous
- social influences shape our behaviours
- personal attitudes and dispositions also shape behaviour
- social behaviour is biologically rooted
- relating to others is a basic need
- principles are applicable in everyday life
Where do values play a role in psychology
forming concepts
labelling
naturalistic fallacy
Is social psychology common sense
We invoke common sense after we know the facts
hindsight bias
Easily think we know and knew more than we do or did
What does a good theory include
effectively summarizes many observations
makes clear predictions that we can use to confirm/modify theory, generate new exploration, suggest practical application
What are four potential biasing influences
- unrepresentative samples
- order of questions
- response bias and social desirability
- wording of question
Ethical experimentation includes:
informed consent, truthfulness, protection, confidentiality, debriefing (and of deceit)