Week 3

Question 1

Interacting with technology is?

Answer 1

Cognitive

Question 2

Cognitive Processes?

Answer 2

Attention
Perception and recognition
Memory
Learning
Reading, speaking and listening
Problem solving, planning, reasoning, and decision making

Question 3

Attention?

Answer 3

Selecting things to concentrate on at a point in time from the mass of stimuli around us

Question 4

Heavy multitaskers?

Answer 4

Heavy were more prone to being distracted than those who infrequently multitask
Heavy multi-taskers are easily distracted and find it difficult to filter irrelevant information

Question 5

Design Implications for Attention?

Answer 5

Make information salient when it needs attending to.
Make things stand out
Avoid cluttering the interface
Avoid using too much

Question 6

Perception?

Answer 6

How information is acquired from the world and transformed into experiences

Question 7

Design Implications for Perception?

Answer 7

Icons should enable users to readily distinguish their meaning
Bordering and spacing are effective visual ways of grouping information
Sounds should be audible and distinguishable
Speech output should enable users to distinguish between

Question 8

Memory?

Answer 8

Involves first encoding and then retrieving knowledge
We don’t remember everything - involves filtering and processing what is attended to.
Context is important in affecting our memory

Question 9

The more attention paid to something?

Answer 9

The more it is processed in terms of thinking about it and comparing it with other knowledge

Question 10

Personal Information management is a growing problem for many users?

Answer 10

Vast numbers of documents, images, music files, video clips, emails, attachments, bookmarks
Where and how to save them all, then remembering what they were called and where to find them again.

Question 11

Design implications for memory?

Answer 11

Don’t overload users’ memories with complicated procedures for carrying out tasks
Design interfaces that promote recognition rather than recall
Provide users with various ways of encoding information to help them remember

Question 12

Learning?

Answer 12

People find it hard to learn by following instructions in a manual
How to learn to use a computer-based application
Using a computer-based application to understand a given topic

Question 13

Design Implications for Learning?

Answer 13

Design interfaces that encourage exploration

Design interfaces that constrain and guide learners

Question 14

Intelligence is often confused with?

Answer 14

Rationality

Question 15

Why don’t people act rationally?

Answer 15

1. Processing problem: Humans are cognitive misers.

2. Content problems: How we acquire knowledge

Question 16

Problem Solving?

Answer 16

All involves reflective cognition
Often involves conscious process, discussion with others, and the use of artefacts
May involve working through different scenarios and deciding which is the best option

Question 17

Process of finding solution to unfamiliar task using?

Answer 17

Knowledge

Question 18

Gestalt?

Answer 18

Problem solving both productive and reproductive
Reproductive thinking, involving re-use of previous experience
Productive draws on insight and restructing of problem.

Question 19

Insight?

Answer 19

Insight occurs during productive thinking when the problem is suddenly restructured and the solution becomes clear.

Question 20

The problem has a ____ and ___ ?

Answer 20

Initial State

Goal State

Question 21

James-Lange theory?

Answer 21

Emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimuli

Question 22

Cannon theory?

Answer 22

Emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli

Question 23

Schacter-Singer theory?

Answer 23

Emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in.

Question 24

What is affect?

Answer 24

The biological response to physical stimuli.

Question 25

Affect influences how we respond to situations?

Answer 25

Positive -> creative problem solving

Negative -> narrow thinking

Question 26

Design Implications?

Answer 26

Stress will increase the difficulty of problem solving
Relaxed users will be more forgiving of shortcomings in design
Aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect

Question 27

Users develop an understanding of a system through?

Answer 27

Learning about it and using it

Question 28

Knowledge is sometimes described as?

Answer 28

Mental Model

Question 29

Craik (1943) described mental models as?

Answer 29

Internal constructions of some aspect of the same external world enabling predictions to be made

Question 30

Involves what processes?

Answer 30

Unconscious and conscious processes.

Question 31

Annotation?

Answer 31

Involves modifying existing representations through making marks

Question 32

Cognitive tracing?

Answer 32

Involves externally manipulating items into different orders or structures