Week 2 Flashcards
Humans are limited?
In their capacity to processing information
Information is received and responses given via a number of input and output channels?
Visual Channel
Auditory Channel
Haptic Channel
Movement
Model Human Processor?
Simplified view of the human processing involved in interacting with computer systems
The model comprises three subsystems?
The perceptual system (sensory stimulus)
The motor systems (actions)
The cognitive system (processing)
Two stages in vision?
Physical reception of stimulus
Processing and interpretation of stimulus
Physical Reception?
Mechanism for receiving light and transforming it into electrical energy
Light reflects from objects
Visual Perception?
Our perception of an object’s size remains constant even if its visual angle changes
Law of Size constancy?
Indicates that our perception of size relies on factors other than the visual angle
Size and Depth?
Visual angles indicates how much of view object occupies
Visual acuity is ability to perceive detail
Familiar objects perceived as constant size
Context is used to?
Resolve ambiguity
Humans can hear frequencies from?
20Hz to 15kHz
Auditory system filters sounds?
Can attend to sounds over background noise
The cocktail party phenomenon
Touch?
Provides important feedback about environment
Stimulus received via receptors in the skin
Some areas more sensitive than others
Kinethesis - awareness of body position
Movement?
Reaction time and Accuracy are the key elements Reaction time depends on stimulus type - visual ~200ms - auditory ~150ms - pain ~700ms
Fitts’ Law?
Describes the time taken to hit a target (physically or virtually)
Design Focus?
Targets should be as large as possible
Distances should be as small as possible
Three types of memory function?
Sensory Memories
Short-term memories
Long term memories
Sensory Memory?
Iconic memory: visual stimuli
Echoic memory: aural stimuli
Haptic memory: tactile stimuli
Short Term Memory?
Rapid access ~70ms
Rapid decay ~200ms
Limited capacity 7+- 2 chunks
Long term memory?
Slow access ~1/10 second
Slow decay, if any
Huge or unlimited capacity
Two types of long term memory?
Episodic
Semantic
Episodic?
Serial memory of events
Semantic?
Structured memory of facts, concepts, skills
Semantic memory structure?
Provides access to information
Represents relationships between bits of information
Supports inference
Procedural Knowledge?
Our knowledge of how to do something
LTM - Storage of information
Rehearsal
Total Time hypothesis
Distribution of practice effect
Structure. meaning and familiarity
LTM - Forgetting?
Decay
- Information is lost gradually but very slowly
Interference
- New information replaces old: retroactive interference
- Old may interfere with new: proactive inhibition
LTM - Retrieval?
Recall
- Information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues
Recognition
- Information gives knowledge that it has been seen before
- Less complex than recall - information is cue
Thinking?
Reasoning
Problem Solving
Deduction?
Derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises
Induction?
Generalize from cases seen to cases unseen
Abduction?
Reasoning from event to cause
