Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
Context is used to resolve?
A
Ambiguity
2
Q
Optical illusions sometimes occur due to?
A
Over compensation
3
Q
Reading involves?
A
Saccades and fixations
4
Q
What occurs during fixations?
A
Perception
5
Q
Word shape is important to?
A
Recognition
6
Q
How information is acquired from the world and transformed into experiences?
A
Weller (2004) found people took less time to locate items for information that was grouped
7
Q
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
A
We can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room
8
Q
Why does the cocktail party phenomenon happen?
A
Auditory system filters sounds. We can attend to sounds over background noise.
9
Q
Touch?
A
Provides important feedback about environment
May be key sense for someone who is visually impaired
Some areas more sensitive than others.
10
Q
Name Stimulus received via receptors in the skin?
A
Thermoceptors - heat and cold
Nociceptors - pain
Mechanoreceptors - pressure
11
Q
Movement key elements?
A
Reaction time and Accuracy are the key elements.
12
Q
Visual reaction time?
A
~200ms
13
Q
Auditory reaction time?
A
~150ms
14
Q
Pain reaction time?
A
~700ms
15
Q
Fitts’ Law?
A
The time taken to hit a target (Physically or virtually)
16
Q
Design Focus?
A
Targets should be as large as possible
Distances should be as small as possible
17
Q
Buffers for stimuli received through senses?
A
Iconic memory: visual stimuli
Echoic memory: aural stimuli
Haptic memory: tactile stimuli
18
Q
Short term Memory?
A
Rapid Access
Rapid Decay
Limited Capacity
19
Q
Rapid Access time?
A
~70ms
20
Q
Rapid Decay time?
A
~200ms
21
Q
Limited capacity?
A
7+- 2 chunks
22
Q
George Miller theory?
A
People can only remember 7+-2 chunks.
23
Q
Two types of Long term memory?
A
Episodic
Semantic
24
Q
Episodic?
A
Serial memory of events
25
Semantic?
Structured memory of facts, concepts, skills
26
Which memory is derived from which?
Semantic LTM derived from episodic LTM
27
Procedural knowledge?
Our knowledge of how to do something
28
LTM How do we forget things?
Decay
| Interference
29
Decay?
Information is lost gradually but very slowly
30
Interference?
New information replaces old: retroactive interference
| Old may interfere with new: proactive inhibition
31
LTM How do we retrieve information?
Recall
| Recognition
32
Recall?
Information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues, categories, imagery
33
Recognition?
Information gives knowledge that it has seen before
| Less complex than recall information is cue
34
Thinking?
Reasoning
| Problem Solving
35
Deduction?
Derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises
36
Example of Deduction?
If it is Friday then she will go to work. It is Friday therefore she will go to work
37
Induction?
Generalize from cases to cases unseen
38
Example of Induction?
All elephants we have seen have trunks, therefore all elephants have trunks
39
Abduction?
Reasoning from event to cause
40
Example of Abduction?
Sam drives fast when drunk, if I see Sam driving fast, assume drunk.
41
Cognitive Processes?
```
Attention
Perception and recognition
Memory
Learning
Reading, speaking and listening
Problem-solving, planning, reasoning, and decision making.
```
42
Context is not important in affecting our memory?
False
43
We recognize things much better than being able to recall things.
True
44
Recognition vs Recall?
Command-based interfaces require users to recall from a memory a name from a possible set of 100s
GUIs provide visually-based options that users need only browse through until they recognize one
45
Intelligence is often confused with?
Rationality
46
Paper?
Printing and Scanning
Print Technology
Fonts, page description, WYSIWYG
Scanning, OCR
47
Fonts?
Pitch
Fixed-Pitch
Variable-Pitched
48
Fixed Pitch?
Every character has the same width
49
Variable-pitch?
Some characters wider
50
Sans-Serif?
Square-ended strokes
51
Serif?
With splayed ends
52
Serif-Fonts?
Helps your eye on long lines of printed text
| But sans serif often better on screen
53
WYSIWYG?
What you see is what you get
| Aim of word processing
54
An infinitely fast machine assumption?
Implicit assumption no delays
55
Limitations on Interactive Performance?
Computation Bound
Storage Channel Bound
Graphics Bound
Network Capacity
56
Computation Bound?
Computation takes ages, causing frustration for the user
57
Storage Channel Bound?
Bottleneck is transference of data from disk to memory
58
Graphics Bound?
Common bottleneck: updating displays requires a lot of effort - sometimes helped by adding a graphics co-processor optimised to take on the burden
59
Network Capacity?
Many Computers networked: Shared resources and files, access to printers, but interactive performance can be reduced by slow network speed
60
Knowledge involves?
The synthesis of multiple sources of information that become integrated and contextualized into mental structures
61
Knowledge is formed?
By giving meaning to information and integrating it with other pre-existing forms of knowledge
62
Information Space?
Is an environment, domain, place, or area of containment from which information originates
63
Tally marks are?
Additive
64
Arabic numerals are?
Substitutive
65
Seeing ___ is what the human brain is optimized for?
Patterns
66
Apophenia?
The experience of seeing meaningful patterns or connections in meaningless or random data
67
Known-Item?
The user
Knows what they want
Knows what words to use to describe it
May have a fairly good understanding of where to start
68
Exploratory Case?
The user
May have some idea of what they want to know
Does not know precisely what the words to use to describe it
May not know where to start
69
Norman's Model?
Concentrates on user's view of the interface
70
Seven stages of Norman's Model?
```
User establishes the goal
Formulates intention
Specifies actions at interface
Executes action
Perceives system state
Interprets system state
Evaluate system state with respect to goal
```
71
Gulf of Execution?
User's formulation of actions != actions allowed by the system
72
Gulf of Evaluation?
User's expectation of changed system state != Actual presentation of this state
73
Interaction Framework has 4 parts?
User
Input
System
Output
74
Each interaction has its own?
Unique language
| Interaction -> translation between languages
75
Problems in Interaction?
Problems in translation
76
James Lange?
Emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimuli
77
Cannon?
Emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli
78
Schacter-Singer?
Emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in
79
User Intentions?
Translated into actions at the interface
Translated into alterations of system state
Reflected in the output display
Interpreted by the user
80
General framework for understanding interaction?
Not restricted to electronic computer systems
Identifies all major components involved in interaction
Allows comparative assessment of systems
An abstraction
81
Slip?
Better interface design
82
Mistake?
Better understanding of system
83
Ergonomics?
Study of the physical characteristics of interaction
84
Ergonomics good at?
Defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design certain aspects of systems
85
Examples of Ergonomics?
Arrangement of controls and displays
Surrounding environment
Health Issues
Use of color
86
Common Interaction styles?
```
Command line interface
Natural Language
Question/Answer and query dialogue boxes
Form-fills and spreadsheets
Buttons
Toolbars
WIMP
3D Interfaces
```
87
Appearance + Behaviour?
Look and feel
88
WIMP Exceptions?
Pre-emptive parts of the interface
89
Context: Other people?
desire to impress, competition, fear of failure
90
Context: Motivation?
Fear, allegiance, ambition, self-satisfaction
91
Context: Inadequate Systems?
Cause of frustration and lack of motivation
92
Physical Design Constraints?
```
Ergonomic
Physical
Legal and safety
Context and environment
Aesthetic
Economic
```
93
People use something ONLY IF?
It has perceived value,
AND
value exceeds cost
94
Hue?
Is gradation of color
95
Saturation?
Is intensity/purity of the hue
96
Luminance?
Is the brightness in an image
97
Use color to?
Draw attention
| Show organization, status, relationships
98
Warm Colors?
Triggering/Sensual
99
Cool Colors?
Conserved/Relaxing
100
Start with Greyscale?
Then accent or enhance with color
101
CRAP Design?
Contrast
Repetition
Alignment
Proximity
102
CASPER Design?
```
Contrast
Alignment
Simplicity
Proximity
Emphasis
Repetition
```
103
Paradigms?
Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific world views
104
Metaphors?
Used to control complexity
105
Verbal Metaphor?
```
Comparing previous (old) to new technology
Eg. Word processor vs typewritter
```
106
Virtual Metaphor?
Interface elements with metaphor
| Eg. Desktop adds mouse clicks
107
Composite Metaphor?
Add new features to metaphor
| Eg. Add menus to desktop metaphor
108
Conceptual Models?
Mental representation of how an artifact works & how interface controls affect it
109
Well-designed objects have?
Affordances
110
Design guides?
Provide good conceptual model
Make things visible
Map interface controls to customer's model
Provide feedback
111
Mobile Challenges?
Smaller screens, small number of physical keys, restricted number of controls.
112
Interaction Design Basics?
```
Design
The design process
Users
Scenarios
Navigation
Iteration and prototypes
```
