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Human Computer Interaction > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Context is used to resolve?

A

Ambiguity

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2
Q

Optical illusions sometimes occur due to?

A

Over compensation

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3
Q

Reading involves?

A

Saccades and fixations

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4
Q

What occurs during fixations?

A

Perception

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5
Q

Word shape is important to?

A

Recognition

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6
Q

How information is acquired from the world and transformed into experiences?

A

Weller (2004) found people took less time to locate items for information that was grouped

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7
Q

What is the cocktail party phenomenon?

A

We can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room

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8
Q

Why does the cocktail party phenomenon happen?

A

Auditory system filters sounds. We can attend to sounds over background noise.

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9
Q

Touch?

A

Provides important feedback about environment
May be key sense for someone who is visually impaired
Some areas more sensitive than others.

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10
Q

Name Stimulus received via receptors in the skin?

A

Thermoceptors - heat and cold
Nociceptors - pain
Mechanoreceptors - pressure

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11
Q

Movement key elements?

A

Reaction time and Accuracy are the key elements.

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12
Q

Visual reaction time?

A

~200ms

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13
Q

Auditory reaction time?

A

~150ms

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14
Q

Pain reaction time?

A

~700ms

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15
Q

Fitts’ Law?

A

The time taken to hit a target (Physically or virtually)

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16
Q

Design Focus?

A

Targets should be as large as possible

Distances should be as small as possible

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17
Q

Buffers for stimuli received through senses?

A

Iconic memory: visual stimuli
Echoic memory: aural stimuli
Haptic memory: tactile stimuli

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18
Q

Short term Memory?

A

Rapid Access
Rapid Decay
Limited Capacity

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19
Q

Rapid Access time?

A

~70ms

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20
Q

Rapid Decay time?

A

~200ms

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21
Q

Limited capacity?

A

7+- 2 chunks

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22
Q

George Miller theory?

A

People can only remember 7+-2 chunks.

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23
Q

Two types of Long term memory?

A

Episodic

Semantic

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24
Q

Episodic?

A

Serial memory of events

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25
Q

Semantic?

A

Structured memory of facts, concepts, skills

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26
Q

Which memory is derived from which?

A

Semantic LTM derived from episodic LTM

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27
Q

Procedural knowledge?

A

Our knowledge of how to do something

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28
Q

LTM How do we forget things?

A

Decay

Interference

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29
Q

Decay?

A

Information is lost gradually but very slowly

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30
Q

Interference?

A

New information replaces old: retroactive interference

Old may interfere with new: proactive inhibition

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31
Q

LTM How do we retrieve information?

A

Recall

Recognition

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32
Q

Recall?

A

Information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues, categories, imagery

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33
Q

Recognition?

A

Information gives knowledge that it has seen before

Less complex than recall information is cue

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34
Q

Thinking?

A

Reasoning

Problem Solving

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35
Q

Deduction?

A

Derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises

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36
Q

Example of Deduction?

A

If it is Friday then she will go to work. It is Friday therefore she will go to work

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37
Q

Induction?

A

Generalize from cases to cases unseen

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38
Q

Example of Induction?

A

All elephants we have seen have trunks, therefore all elephants have trunks

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39
Q

Abduction?

A

Reasoning from event to cause

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40
Q

Example of Abduction?

A

Sam drives fast when drunk, if I see Sam driving fast, assume drunk.

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41
Q

Cognitive Processes?

A 
Attention
Perception and recognition
Memory
Learning
Reading, speaking and listening
Problem-solving, planning, reasoning, and decision making.
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42
Q

Context is not important in affecting our memory?

A

False

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43
Q

We recognize things much better than being able to recall things.

A

True

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44
Q

Recognition vs Recall?

A

Command-based interfaces require users to recall from a memory a name from a possible set of 100s
GUIs provide visually-based options that users need only browse through until they recognize one

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45
Q

Intelligence is often confused with?

A

Rationality

46
Q

Paper?

A

Printing and Scanning
Print Technology
Fonts, page description, WYSIWYG
Scanning, OCR

47
Q

Fonts?

A

Pitch
Fixed-Pitch
Variable-Pitched

48
Q

Fixed Pitch?

A

Every character has the same width

49
Q

Variable-pitch?

A

Some characters wider

50
Q

Sans-Serif?

A

Square-ended strokes

51
Q

Serif?

A

With splayed ends

52
Q

Serif-Fonts?

A

Helps your eye on long lines of printed text

But sans serif often better on screen

53
Q

WYSIWYG?

A

What you see is what you get

Aim of word processing

54
Q

An infinitely fast machine assumption?

A

Implicit assumption no delays

55
Q

Limitations on Interactive Performance?

A

Computation Bound
Storage Channel Bound
Graphics Bound
Network Capacity

56
Q

Computation Bound?

A

Computation takes ages, causing frustration for the user

57
Q

Storage Channel Bound?

A

Bottleneck is transference of data from disk to memory

58
Q

Graphics Bound?

A

Common bottleneck: updating displays requires a lot of effort - sometimes helped by adding a graphics co-processor optimised to take on the burden

59
Q

Network Capacity?

A

Many Computers networked: Shared resources and files, access to printers, but interactive performance can be reduced by slow network speed

60
Q

Knowledge involves?

A

The synthesis of multiple sources of information that become integrated and contextualized into mental structures

61
Q

Knowledge is formed?

A

By giving meaning to information and integrating it with other pre-existing forms of knowledge

62
Q

Information Space?

A

Is an environment, domain, place, or area of containment from which information originates

63
Q

Tally marks are?

A

Additive

64
Q

Arabic numerals are?

A

Substitutive

65
Q

Seeing ___ is what the human brain is optimized for?

A

Patterns

66
Q

Apophenia?

A

The experience of seeing meaningful patterns or connections in meaningless or random data

67
Q

Known-Item?

A

The user
Knows what they want
Knows what words to use to describe it
May have a fairly good understanding of where to start

68
Q

Exploratory Case?

A

The user
May have some idea of what they want to know
Does not know precisely what the words to use to describe it
May not know where to start

69
Q

Norman’s Model?

A

Concentrates on user’s view of the interface

70
Q

Seven stages of Norman’s Model?

A 
User establishes the goal
Formulates intention
Specifies actions at interface
Executes action
Perceives system state
Interprets system state
Evaluate system state with respect to goal
71
Q

Gulf of Execution?

A

User’s formulation of actions != actions allowed by the system

72
Q

Gulf of Evaluation?

A

User’s expectation of changed system state != Actual presentation of this state

73
Q

Interaction Framework has 4 parts?

A

User
Input
System
Output

74
Q

Each interaction has its own?

A

Unique language

Interaction -> translation between languages

75
Q

Problems in Interaction?

A

Problems in translation

76
Q

James Lange?

A

Emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimuli

77
Q

Cannon?

A

Emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli

78
Q

Schacter-Singer?

A

Emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in

79
Q

User Intentions?

A

Translated into actions at the interface
Translated into alterations of system state
Reflected in the output display
Interpreted by the user

80
Q

General framework for understanding interaction?

A

Not restricted to electronic computer systems
Identifies all major components involved in interaction
Allows comparative assessment of systems
An abstraction

81
Q

Slip?

A

Better interface design

82
Q

Mistake?

A

Better understanding of system

83
Q

Ergonomics?

A

Study of the physical characteristics of interaction

84
Q

Ergonomics good at?

A

Defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design certain aspects of systems

85
Q

Examples of Ergonomics?

A

Arrangement of controls and displays
Surrounding environment
Health Issues
Use of color

86
Q

Common Interaction styles?

A 
Command line interface
Natural Language
Question/Answer and query dialogue boxes
Form-fills and spreadsheets
Buttons
Toolbars
WIMP
3D Interfaces
87
Q

Appearance + Behaviour?

A

Look and feel

88
Q

WIMP Exceptions?

A

Pre-emptive parts of the interface

89
Q

Context: Other people?

A

desire to impress, competition, fear of failure

90
Q

Context: Motivation?

A

Fear, allegiance, ambition, self-satisfaction

91
Q

Context: Inadequate Systems?

A

Cause of frustration and lack of motivation

92
Q

Physical Design Constraints?

A 
Ergonomic
Physical
Legal and safety
Context and environment
Aesthetic
Economic
93
Q

People use something ONLY IF?

A

It has perceived value,
AND
value exceeds cost

94
Q

Hue?

A

Is gradation of color

95
Q

Saturation?

A

Is intensity/purity of the hue

96
Q

Luminance?

A

Is the brightness in an image

97
Q

Use color to?

A

Draw attention

Show organization, status, relationships

98
Q

Warm Colors?

A

Triggering/Sensual

99
Q

Cool Colors?

A

Conserved/Relaxing

100
Q

Start with Greyscale?

A

Then accent or enhance with color

101
Q

CRAP Design?

A

Contrast
Repetition
Alignment
Proximity

102
Q

CASPER Design?

A 
Contrast
Alignment
Simplicity
Proximity
Emphasis
Repetition
103
Q

Paradigms?

A

Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific world views

104
Q

Metaphors?

A

Used to control complexity

105
Q

Verbal Metaphor?

A 
Comparing previous (old) to new technology
Eg. Word processor vs typewritter
106
Q

Virtual Metaphor?

A

Interface elements with metaphor

Eg. Desktop adds mouse clicks

107
Q

Composite Metaphor?

A

Add new features to metaphor

Eg. Add menus to desktop metaphor

108
Q

Conceptual Models?

A

Mental representation of how an artifact works & how interface controls affect it

109
Q

Well-designed objects have?

A

Affordances

110
Q

Design guides?

A

Provide good conceptual model
Make things visible
Map interface controls to customer’s model
Provide feedback

111
Q

Mobile Challenges?

A

Smaller screens, small number of physical keys, restricted number of controls.

112
Q

Interaction Design Basics?

A 
Design
The design process
Users
Scenarios
Navigation
Iteration and prototypes

Human Computer Interaction (9 decks)

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