Midterm Review Flashcards
Context is used to resolve?
Ambiguity
Optical illusions sometimes occur due to?
Over compensation
Reading involves?
Saccades and fixations
What occurs during fixations?
Perception
Word shape is important to?
Recognition
How information is acquired from the world and transformed into experiences?
Weller (2004) found people took less time to locate items for information that was grouped
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
We can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room
Why does the cocktail party phenomenon happen?
Auditory system filters sounds. We can attend to sounds over background noise.
Touch?
Provides important feedback about environment
May be key sense for someone who is visually impaired
Some areas more sensitive than others.
Name Stimulus received via receptors in the skin?
Thermoceptors - heat and cold
Nociceptors - pain
Mechanoreceptors - pressure
Movement key elements?
Reaction time and Accuracy are the key elements.
Visual reaction time?
~200ms
Auditory reaction time?
~150ms
Pain reaction time?
~700ms
Fitts’ Law?
The time taken to hit a target (Physically or virtually)
Design Focus?
Targets should be as large as possible
Distances should be as small as possible
Buffers for stimuli received through senses?
Iconic memory: visual stimuli
Echoic memory: aural stimuli
Haptic memory: tactile stimuli
Short term Memory?
Rapid Access
Rapid Decay
Limited Capacity
Rapid Access time?
~70ms
Rapid Decay time?
~200ms
Limited capacity?
7+- 2 chunks
George Miller theory?
People can only remember 7+-2 chunks.
Two types of Long term memory?
Episodic
Semantic
Episodic?
Serial memory of events
Semantic?
Structured memory of facts, concepts, skills
Which memory is derived from which?
Semantic LTM derived from episodic LTM
Procedural knowledge?
Our knowledge of how to do something
LTM How do we forget things?
Decay
Interference
Decay?
Information is lost gradually but very slowly
Interference?
New information replaces old: retroactive interference
Old may interfere with new: proactive inhibition
LTM How do we retrieve information?
Recall
Recognition
Recall?
Information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues, categories, imagery
Recognition?
Information gives knowledge that it has seen before
Less complex than recall information is cue
Thinking?
Reasoning
Problem Solving
Deduction?
Derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises
Example of Deduction?
If it is Friday then she will go to work. It is Friday therefore she will go to work
Induction?
Generalize from cases to cases unseen
Example of Induction?
All elephants we have seen have trunks, therefore all elephants have trunks
Abduction?
Reasoning from event to cause
Example of Abduction?
Sam drives fast when drunk, if I see Sam driving fast, assume drunk.
Cognitive Processes?
Attention Perception and recognition Memory Learning Reading, speaking and listening Problem-solving, planning, reasoning, and decision making.
Context is not important in affecting our memory?
False
We recognize things much better than being able to recall things.
True
Recognition vs Recall?
Command-based interfaces require users to recall from a memory a name from a possible set of 100s
GUIs provide visually-based options that users need only browse through until they recognize one
Intelligence is often confused with?
Rationality
Paper?
Printing and Scanning
Print Technology
Fonts, page description, WYSIWYG
Scanning, OCR
Fonts?
Pitch
Fixed-Pitch
Variable-Pitched
Fixed Pitch?
Every character has the same width
Variable-pitch?
Some characters wider
Sans-Serif?
Square-ended strokes
Serif?
With splayed ends
Serif-Fonts?
Helps your eye on long lines of printed text
But sans serif often better on screen
WYSIWYG?
What you see is what you get
Aim of word processing
An infinitely fast machine assumption?
Implicit assumption no delays
Limitations on Interactive Performance?
Computation Bound
Storage Channel Bound
Graphics Bound
Network Capacity
Computation Bound?
Computation takes ages, causing frustration for the user
Storage Channel Bound?
Bottleneck is transference of data from disk to memory
Graphics Bound?
Common bottleneck: updating displays requires a lot of effort - sometimes helped by adding a graphics co-processor optimised to take on the burden
Network Capacity?
Many Computers networked: Shared resources and files, access to printers, but interactive performance can be reduced by slow network speed
Knowledge involves?
The synthesis of multiple sources of information that become integrated and contextualized into mental structures
Knowledge is formed?
By giving meaning to information and integrating it with other pre-existing forms of knowledge
Information Space?
Is an environment, domain, place, or area of containment from which information originates
Tally marks are?
Additive
Arabic numerals are?
Substitutive
Seeing ___ is what the human brain is optimized for?
Patterns
Apophenia?
The experience of seeing meaningful patterns or connections in meaningless or random data
Known-Item?
The user
Knows what they want
Knows what words to use to describe it
May have a fairly good understanding of where to start
Exploratory Case?
The user
May have some idea of what they want to know
Does not know precisely what the words to use to describe it
May not know where to start
Norman’s Model?
Concentrates on user’s view of the interface
Seven stages of Norman’s Model?
User establishes the goal Formulates intention Specifies actions at interface Executes action Perceives system state Interprets system state Evaluate system state with respect to goal
Gulf of Execution?
User’s formulation of actions != actions allowed by the system
Gulf of Evaluation?
User’s expectation of changed system state != Actual presentation of this state
Interaction Framework has 4 parts?
User
Input
System
Output
Each interaction has its own?
Unique language
Interaction -> translation between languages
Problems in Interaction?
Problems in translation
James Lange?
Emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimuli
Cannon?
Emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli
Schacter-Singer?
Emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in
User Intentions?
Translated into actions at the interface
Translated into alterations of system state
Reflected in the output display
Interpreted by the user
General framework for understanding interaction?
Not restricted to electronic computer systems
Identifies all major components involved in interaction
Allows comparative assessment of systems
An abstraction
Slip?
Better interface design
Mistake?
Better understanding of system
Ergonomics?
Study of the physical characteristics of interaction
Ergonomics good at?
Defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design certain aspects of systems
Examples of Ergonomics?
Arrangement of controls and displays
Surrounding environment
Health Issues
Use of color
Common Interaction styles?
Command line interface Natural Language Question/Answer and query dialogue boxes Form-fills and spreadsheets Buttons Toolbars WIMP 3D Interfaces
Appearance + Behaviour?
Look and feel
WIMP Exceptions?
Pre-emptive parts of the interface
Context: Other people?
desire to impress, competition, fear of failure
Context: Motivation?
Fear, allegiance, ambition, self-satisfaction
Context: Inadequate Systems?
Cause of frustration and lack of motivation
Physical Design Constraints?
Ergonomic Physical Legal and safety Context and environment Aesthetic Economic
People use something ONLY IF?
It has perceived value,
AND
value exceeds cost
Hue?
Is gradation of color
Saturation?
Is intensity/purity of the hue
Luminance?
Is the brightness in an image
Use color to?
Draw attention
Show organization, status, relationships
Warm Colors?
Triggering/Sensual
Cool Colors?
Conserved/Relaxing
Start with Greyscale?
Then accent or enhance with color
CRAP Design?
Contrast
Repetition
Alignment
Proximity
CASPER Design?
Contrast Alignment Simplicity Proximity Emphasis Repetition
Paradigms?
Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific world views
Metaphors?
Used to control complexity
Verbal Metaphor?
Comparing previous (old) to new technology Eg. Word processor vs typewritter
Virtual Metaphor?
Interface elements with metaphor
Eg. Desktop adds mouse clicks
Composite Metaphor?
Add new features to metaphor
Eg. Add menus to desktop metaphor
Conceptual Models?
Mental representation of how an artifact works & how interface controls affect it
Well-designed objects have?
Affordances
Design guides?
Provide good conceptual model
Make things visible
Map interface controls to customer’s model
Provide feedback
Mobile Challenges?
Smaller screens, small number of physical keys, restricted number of controls.
Interaction Design Basics?
Design The design process Users Scenarios Navigation Iteration and prototypes
