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Evidence Based Week 1 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sample Study?

A

Trying to estimate the value of a parameter for a population

ex) How long does each individual spend on the computer per day

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2
Q

What is Observational Study?

A

Trying two understand how 2 parameters relate to one another. You cant make a conclusion on a causality because of a lurking variable

ex) How does blood pressure relate to computer time

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3
Q

What is Experiment Study?

A

The basis of the scientific method and main purpose is to determine causality. It shows causality because you use randomization

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4
Q

What is Bias?

A

Error in methodology that results in a way systematic deviation of the result away from the truth and being pulled in one direction

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5
Q

What is Random Error?

A

The results are being pulled in different direction

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6
Q

What are Confounding variables?

A

is an outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent and independent variable

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7
Q

What is population?

A

group of people, objects or events

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8
Q

What is Target Population?

A

The larger population to which results of a study will be generalized too

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9
Q

What is Accessible Population?

A

The actual population of subjects available to be chosen for a study

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10
Q

What is Sample?

A

A subgroup of the population of interest (accessible population) which allows the results of research to be generalized to the population

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11
Q

What is Sampling bias?

A

Extent that systematically misrepresentation population can be conscious or unconscious

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12
Q

What is Sampling Error?

A

Extent that sample randomly misrepresents population

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13
Q

What are some Sampling techniques?

A
  • Probability Sampling

- Non probability Sampling

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14
Q

What are some Probability Sampling?

A
  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling (every 10th person)
  • Stratified Random Sampling (specify # from each category)
  • Cluster Sampling (multilayer/stage)
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15
Q

What are some Non Probability Sampling?

A
  • Convenience Sampling (subjects are chosen on basis of availability
  • Constructive Sampling ( Recruit all folks to meet inclusion/exclusion criteria)
  • Volunteers
  • Quota Sampling (like stratified, but not random
    _Purposive Sampling (subjects hand picked by specific criteria)
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16
Q

What are some considerations with Non Probability Sampling?

A
  1. must be more careful with inferences and generalizations

2. Closely examine inclusion/exclusion criteria and baseline characteristics

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17
Q

What are some examples of Experimental Research?

A
  1. Randomized Trial
  2. Clinical Trial
  3. Randomized Clinical Trial
  4. Randomized Controlled Trial
18
Q

What are extraneous variable?

A

Any factor not related to the purpose of the study, which may affect dependent variables. Also known as nuisance variables

19
Q

What happens when extraneous variables become uncontrolled?

A

They become confounding variables

20
Q

What is the purpose of Experimental Research?

A

they are designed to control confounding variable

21
Q

What are the 3 essential components of Experimental Research?

A
  1. Include a control/comparison group
  2. Independent variables are being manipulated by the experimenter
  3. Subjects are randomly assigned to groups
22
Q

What is a random assignment?

A

Each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to any group and help control for extraneous variables or prognostic indicators

23
Q

What should Random Assignments do?

A
  1. Should results in homogenous groups at baseline except for the IV
  2. Concealing allocation: Separate people
  3. Sealed envelopes
24
Q

What are ways to incorporate Missing Data in a study?

A
  1. Per Protocol Analysis: Analyze only those who complete the study
  2. Intention to Treat Analysis: Analyze in the group that they were assigned too and use Imputation (estimating missing data values)
  3. As treated (Observe data regardless of what happens and then move them)
25
Q

What are some ways to control inter subject difference (confounders)

A
  1. Homogenous (only males, ages 30-40)
  2. build into study as IV (male/female)
  3. Matching (Age and Sex)
  4. Using subjects as their own control (within subject design)
26
Q

What are some Experimental Design Validity?

A
  1. External Validity
  2. Construct
  3. Internal
  4. Statistical Conclusion
27
Q

What are some threats to external Validity?

A
  1. Selection (Sampling)
  2. Setting (Military vs Civilian)
  3. History (Conclusions made 30 yrs ago might not be valid today)
28
Q

What is a True Experimental Design?

A
  1. Gold Standard
  2. IV manipulated by researcher
  3. At least 2 comparison groups
  4. Subjects randomly assigned
29
Q

What is Quasi experimental design?

A
  1. May lack randomization

2. May lack comparison groups

30
Q

What is Between Subject Design?

A

Different people in each level of the IV

31
Q

What is a Single Factor Design?

A

Used to compare 2 or more groups formed by random assignment and have a pretest and postest

32
Q

What are the advantages of a single factor design?

A
  1. Less laborious and costly to preform

2. Appropriate when a pretest isnt practical or has the potential to sew the study results

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of a single factor design?

A

You dont know if the groups were equivalent at the baseline

34
Q

What is Multifactoral design?

A

Has 2 or more Independent variables

35
Q

What is the randomized blocked design?

A

Same as multifactoral except 1 Independent variable is not randomized (3 or more way design)

36
Q

What is within subject design?

A

Designed for repeated measures

37
Q

What are some examples of Order Effects?

A
  1. Randomize Order
  2. Counter Balance (AB, BA, AB, BA)
  3. Crossover design( used when there are 2 levels of IV and the patients condition is stable over time and are randomized into 2 groups)
  4. Multifactor (all IVs are repeated or within subject)
38
Q

What is Mixed Design?

A
  • At least 1 IV between subject (independent factor)

- At least 1 IV within subject (repeated measure)

39
Q

What is Efficacy?

A

The benefit of a treatment delivered in a under highly controlled and ideal environment

40
Q

What is Effectiveness?

A

The benefit of a treatment delivered in a pragmatic manner under real world conditions

41
Q

What are the Appraising therapy studies steps?

A
  1. Are the results valid
  2. What are the results?
  3. Will the results help care for my patients?
42
Q

What is the PEDro Scale?

A

is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study.

Evidence Based Week 1 (9 decks)

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