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Evidence Based Week 1 > Week 1 Evidence Based > Flashcards

Week 1 Evidence Based Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of a profession?

A

To develop a knowledge base that will maximize the effectiveness of practice

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2
Q

What is the concept of Evidence-Based Practice

A

The fundamental principle that the provision of quality care will depend on your ability to make choices that have been confirmed by sound scientific data, and that our decisions are based on the best evidence currently available

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3
Q

What has clinical research become?

A

Imperative, driving clinical judgments, the organization of practice, and reimbursement

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4
Q

What is Clinical Research?

A

Is a structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring connections

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5
Q

What does clinical research be?

A

Critical and empirical (observable documented and examined for their validity

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6
Q

Scientific paradigms

A

Described as ways of looking at the world that define both the problems that can be addressed and the range of legitimate evidence that contributes to solutions

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7
Q

What is the focus on outcomes?

A
  1. Research to document effectiveness
  2. The application of modes of health and disability
  3. Attention to evidence-based practice
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8
Q

What is used as the barometer of healthcare quality?

A
  1. Structure: organizational standards
  2. Process: Quality assurance programs examining details such as charges and record keeping
  3. Outcomes: assessed in terms of morbidity morality, length of stay and readmissions. Physical, social, and psychological well being
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9
Q

What is the objective of outcomes management?

A

The link between clinical management decisions, treatment decisions, and measure documentation of effectiveness. Emerged as an interdisciplinary process aimed at determining the best practices and identifying opportunities for improvement of clinical quality

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10
Q

What is Outcomes Research?

A

The study of the success of interventions in clinical practice, with a focus on the end results of patient care in terms of disability and survival

Ex) large administrative databases that include info about insurances coverage and utilization of serves, and functional outcomes

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11
Q

What are traditional outcomes?

A

Economic indicators (cost effectiveness or cost benefit ratio)

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12
Q

What is made to measure outcomes in terms of fucntion and health status?

A

Questionnaires

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13
Q

What does HRQOL mean?

A

Health related quality of life

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14
Q

What are the two main health scales?

A

Medical Outcomes study short from 36 (SF-36) and Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)

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15
Q

What is Biomedical Model?

A

Focuses on alinear relationship between pathology and resulting impairments. Helath is viewed as the absence of disease adn teh assumption is made that disease and injury can be treated and cured. Small

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16
Q

What is the Disablement Model?

A

A framework for assessing the effect of acute and chronic conditions by emphasizing functional consequences and social role. Shows the relationshiips among pathology, impairments, functional limitations and disability. Broader

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17
Q

What is the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF)?

A

The results of an international and multidisciplinary effort to provide a common language for the classification and consequences of helath conditions

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18
Q

What are the domains in ICF?

A

Body, individual, and socieal perspectives

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19
Q

What does ICF hold a parallel to?

A

The disablement model

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20
Q

What do health conditions correspond to?

A

Pathology

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21
Q

What do body functions/structures correspond to?

A

Impairments

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22
Q

What does activity correspond to?

A

Functional limitations

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23
Q

What does participation correspond to?

A

Disability

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24
Q

What is the frame work for evidence-based practice?

A
  • Conscientious, explict and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patietns
  • Integration of best research evidence with our clincial expertise and our patients unique values and circumstances
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25
Q

What started teh EBP Process?

A

A question ( this gives diretion for decision making, prognosis, or intervention)

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26
Q

What is PICO?

A

Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome

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27
Q

What factors go into clincial decision?

A

Clinical question, patient values adn preferences, clinical circumstances and setting, clincal expertise, and best research evidence

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28
Q

What are the ways of knowing?

A

Tradition, Authority, Trial and Error, Deductive and Inductive Reasoning and Scientific Method

29
Q

Explain Tradition from the ways of knowing?

A

It offers a common foundation for communication and interaction within a society or profession (thw way things have been done), but causes a major problem because they have not been evaluated for their validity or been tested against other methods

30
Q

Explain Authoiry from the ways of knowing?

A

A specialized source who has expertise in the topic

31
Q

Explain Trial and Error from the ways of knowing?

A

Is a method of data gathering and was the earliest approach to solving problems. The major disadvantge of this is its haphazard and unsystemic nature and the fact that knowledge obtained in this way is usually not shared, and is time consuming

32
Q

What is Deductive Reasoning?

A

is characterized by the acceptance of a general proposition or premises, and the subsequent interfaces that can be drawn in specific cases and forms a hypothesis. The disadvnatage incldue the need for teh premise to be true

33
Q

What is a syllogism?

A

A systematic method for drawing conclusions ( 1. major premise 2 major premis 3 conclusion)

34
Q

What is inductive reasoning

A

Developing generalizations from specific obervations. The disadvantages to this include depending on teh representatives of teh specific observations used as the asis gernalizatiosn and they have to review all possible examples in the question

35
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

A systematic, empirical, controlled, and critical examination ofhypothetical propositions about the associations smong natural phenomena

36
Q

What are teh assumptions for the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Nature is orderly and regular and that events are to some extent consistent and predictable
  2. Causes can be discoverd
37
Q

What is systematic in the scientific method?

A

A sense of order and discipline that will ensure an acceptable level of reliability

38
Q

What is empirical in the scientific method?

A

The necessity for documenting objective data through direct observation

39
Q

What is controlled in teh scientific method?

A

The most important characteristic adn to understand how one phenomenon relates to antoher the practitioner must attempt to contorl factors taht are not directly related to teh variables in teh question

40
Q

What is criticla examination in teh scientific method?

A

The researcher must subjet finding to empirical testing adn to the scrutiny of other scientsi

41
Q

What are the limitations of the scientific method?

A

a hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable and that experiments and observations be repeatable.

42
Q

What is Quantitative Research?

A

Measurable outcomes using numerical data under standardized conditions

43
Q

What are the advantages of Quantitative Research?

A

The ability to summarize scales and to subjet data to statistical analysis

44
Q

What is QualitataivevResearch?

A

more concerned with a deep understanding of a phenomenon thorugh narrative description, which typically is obtained under less structured conditions
Ex) open ended quesitons interviews, and observations

45
Q

What is Basic research?

A

is done to obtain emprical data that can be used to develope,refine, or tes theory (Laboratory)

46
Q

what is applied research?

A

Is directed toward solving immediate practical problems with functional applications and testing the theories that direct practice

47
Q

What is Translational Research?

A

The application of basic scientific findings to clinically relevant issues, and simultaneously, teh generation of scientific questions based on clincical dilemmas

48
Q

What is Experimental Research?

A
  • investigations where the researcher manipulates adn controls one or more variables and observes the resultant variation in other variales
  • The main purpose is to compare conditions or intervention groups to suggest causes and effect relationships
49
Q

What is Nonexperimental research?

A

Investigation that are generally more descriptive or exploratory in nautre and that do not exhibit direct control over the studied variables

50
Q

What is observationsl Research?

A

To reflect the idea tha tphenomena are observed rather than manipulated

51
Q

What can research methods be classified as?

A

Desvriptive, exploratory, or experimental

52
Q

What is an experimental design?

A

Provides a basis for comparing two or more condition fo rhte purpose of determining cuases and effect relationships

53
Q

What is randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

A

is considered teh “gold standard” of experimental designs, typically involving the controlled comparison of an experimental intervention adn a placebo

54
Q

What is a quasi-experimental study?

A

The dgree of control is limitedby a variety of factors, but interpretable results an stil be obtianed

55
Q

What is exploratoy research?

A

A researcher examines a phenomenon of interest and explores its dimensions, including how it relates to other factors

56
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Health reserachers examine associations to describe adn predict risk for certain conditions using cohort and case control studies

57
Q

What is correlation methods?

A

association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase in the other then this is known as a positive correlation.

58
Q

What are the stpes of the research process?

A
  1. Identify the Rearch Question
  2. Design the Study: Procdure
  3. Methods: Action
  4. Data Analysis: REviewing the data and drawing valid conclusions
  5. Communicatoin: share their findings with the appropriate audience
59
Q

What are the responsibilites for researchers?

A

Honesty, integrity, and do clinical research that is meaningful

60
Q

Research with human subjects requires adherence to 3 basic principles…..

A
  1. Autonomy of each individual: self-determination and the capacity of individuals to make decisions affecting their lives and how they act on those decisions
  2. beneficence: obligation to attend to the well-being of individuals
  3. Justice: fairness in the research process or the equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens
61
Q

Control Groups

A

Placebo group

62
Q

Randomized Control Groups (RCTs)

A

Have become an accepted way to determine whether an intervention has a significant effect on subjects who receive the treatment compared to those who receive no treatment or a shame treatment

63
Q

What are the 3 components of Evidence-Based Medicine?

A
  1. Individual Expertise
  2. Patient’s Values and expectations
  3. Best Available Clinical Evidence
64
Q

What is the relationship between clinical experience and Quality of Healthcare?

A

You would expect it to increase but actually decreases

65
Q

What are the two fundamentals principles of EBP?

A
  1. Hierarchy of Evidence
  2. The evidence is never enough
    - patient values and expectations
    - your own clinical expertise
    - Benefits and risk
    - Circumstances and setting
    - Costs
66
Q

What is the order of the Hierarchy of Evidence from top to bottom?

A
  1. SR of RCTs or N of 1 trials
  2. RCTs
  3. SR of Cohort Studies
  4. Cohort Studies
  5. Case Control Studies
  6. Case Control Studies
  7. Case Study or Case Series, Cross Sectional Study
  8. Clinical Experience, Expert Opinion, Mechanism based Reasoning
67
Q

What does Absence of Evidence is not Evidence of Absence?

A

Because evidence isnt currently available, that doesn’t mean its not true

68
Q

What is the difference between Background and Foreground Questions?

A
  • Background questions are broader and focused on medical aspects of situations
  • Foreground questions are much more complex and specific. PICO Format

Evidence Based Week 1 (9 decks)

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