WEEK 3- 5.1 research ethics

Question 1

when science goes wrong- harm to participants example?

Answer 1

stanley milgram
zimbardo prison

Question 2

what’s the background of the milgram study?

Answer 2

how do people blindly follow orders like eichmann in the holocaust

Question 3

what was the cover story for milgram?

Answer 3

“learning by punishment”

Question 3

what was the cover story for milgram?

Answer 3

“learning by punishment”

Question 4

what was milgram’s hypothesis?

Answer 4

individuals will obey requests by authority even if it’s unethical

Question 5

people in the milgram study?

Answer 5

1. experimenter: confederate
2. teacher: participant
3. larner: confederate
   * teacher is told these roles are randomly assigned

Question 6

what was the main result of the milgram study?

Answer 6

2/3 of participants continued until max level

Question 7

what’s the background of the stanford prison experiment?

Answer 7

behaviours are more shaped by the situation, and assigned roles rather than personality

Question 8

procedure of the stanford prison experiment

Answer 8

two week prison simulation with random assignment

Question 9

results of the stanford prison experiment

Answer 9

spinned out of control and was terminated after 6 days, and 1/3 of guards exhibited sadistic tendencies

Question 10

fraud with fake data example

Answer 10

1. michael lacour- are gay people more convincing about gay marriage- added fake data to existing data
2. diederik stapel- psychologist

Question 11

research ethics are relevant at all stages of resesarch…

1. data collection and storage
2. data analysis
3. acamdemic writing

Answer 11

1. data collection and storage: risks, privacy and fraud prevention
2. data analysis: transperancy and replication
3. academic writing: plagiarism

Question 12

three basic principles of research ethics

Answer 12

1. do no harm- benefits must outweigh the risks
2. voluntary participation-informed consent
3. protection of privacy and confidentiality

Question 13

ethics in data collection, and interaction with data sources

Answer 13

informed (or implied) consent
- topic and nature of the questions
- purpose and goal
- use of information
- freedom to stop
- permission to use data
- risks involed

Question 14

further considerations to informed consent?

Answer 14

• competence and comprehension? marginalized and vulnerable populations (prisoners or children)
• incentives?
• unobtrusive observation
• experimental manipulation

Question 15

2 types of experimental manipulation

Answer 15

concealment- hiding
deception-lying

Question 16

privacy, and confidentiality, different types of data

Answer 16

1. public information (on record)
2. confidential - best the researcher can promise
3. anonymous (no confidentiality issues addressed)
   - don’t make promises you can’t keep

Question 17

behaviour of researcher

Answer 17

behaviour of researcher
- avodiing bias
- incorrect reporting
- inappropritate use of information

Question 18

behaviour of sponsor

Answer 18

restrictions imposed by the sponsor
the misuse of info

Question 19

formal review of research projects

Answer 19

institutional review board (USA)
Ethics Committee (leiden)

Question 20

more formal rules for documentation and archiving

Answer 20

1. pre registration: a researcher publicly disclosing and registering the research
2. EU general data protection regulation: rules which protect the rights of individuals
3. data access and resarch transperancy: a committee that issues guidelines on how researchers should make their data available for research purposes.

Question 21

what’s DART (data acces and research transpernacy)?

Answer 21

a committee which issues guidelines on how researchers should make their data available for replication purposes.