week 3 Flashcards
1
Q
genes
A
- basic units of heredity passed down from parents to offspring
- specific sequences of DNA carrying instructions for the offspring’s characteristics
2
Q
environmental factors
A
- influence whether and how genes get expressed as actual physical or psychological traits
3
Q
gene by environment interaction
A
- emergence of genetic tendency only under certain environmental circumstances
4
Q
passive
A
- parents create certain rearing environments that cannot be separated from their own genetic makeup
5
Q
evocative
A
- an individuals genetic tendency evokes specific treatment from others
6
Q
active
A
- an individuals genetic tendency guides them to choose certain environments
7
Q
diathesis stress model
A
- people with genetic predisposition for a disorder only develop the disorder under certain environmental circumstances
8
Q
epigenetics
A
- study of biological mechanisms that guide whether certain genes get expressed/activated
9
Q
epigenetic marks
A
- molecular structures that sit on genes
- instruct them to activate/deactivate
10
Q
sex differentiation
A
- process of sex undifferentiated embryos transition to individuals with male, female or intersex internal and external genetalia
11
Q
biological sex
A
- product of chromosomes, genes, hormones, internal sex organs and external genitalia
- most people are consistent
12
Q
mini puberty
A
- 6 months after birth testosterone and estrogen levels surge
13
Q
optimal sex policy
A
- binary sex doctors perceive is the best option for a newborn with untypical genitalia at birth
- john money, today unrecommended, genital mutilation
14
Q
gender dysphoria
A
- clinically significant levels of distress arising from a mismatch between assigned sex at birth and one’s felt sense of gender
15
Q
estimate genetic heritability
A
- relative roles of biology vs socialization in gender identity
16
Q
gender confirmation procedures
A
- for transgender individuals to bring their physical bodies into greater alignment with their psychological identities
- surgical procedures
- hormone treatments
- therapy
17
Q
neuroplasticity
A
- brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt physically in response to life experiences and environmental factors
- occurs mostly during adolescence
18
Q
dynamic systems theory (DST)
A
- sex differences in the brain, body and behaviour are small to non existent at birth but grow larger over time through dynamic interactions between caregivers and infants based on the caregivers gender expectations
19
Q
neurosexism
A
- people interpret the findings from neuroscience in ways that reinforce gender stereotypes without valid supporting evidence
20
Q
neuroethics
A
- prompts neuroscientists to reflect systematically on their perspectives and research practices
- consider the implications of their findings
21
Q
sexual selection
A
- allows specific traits to influence an organism’s likelihood of reproduction and passing on its genes
- intra/inter sexual
22
Q
parental investment theory
A
- usually females investing more in parenting, being more selective over mate choice
- preference for partners with social status and resources
23
Q
interactionist theory
A
- recognizes the interactions between nature and nurture
- addresses how physical/biological differences may produce different behaviours and traits and how sex differences vary based on intersecting social categories
- non heterosexual lens
- recognize environmental influence on physiology/biology
24
Q
approaches to gender development
social learning theories
A
- emphasize how external factors shape childrens gender development
- children learn by observing and imitating
25
Q
approaches to gender development
cognitive theories
A
- emphasize how childrens growing cognitive abilities lead them to develop gender
- children learn by going through cognitive stages
26
Q
sex and gender schema
A
- important schemas for children
- sex, first social category infants recognize as early as 3 months
27
Q
socialization
A
- the ways in which society conveys to the individual its norms/expectations for their behaviour
- family, friends, teacher, media
28
Q
sex typed toy preferences
A
- consistent sex difference in childhood that emerges across cultures
- by age 2 girls prefer playing with dolls/household objects, boys trucks/cars/weapons
29
Q
preferential looking
A
- involves showing 2 different objects, examine how much time they spend looking at each one
30
Q
cognitive developmental theory
A
- childrens understanding of gender goes through 3 stages of increasing maturity
1. gender identity (2-3)
2. gender stability (4-5)
3. gender constancy (5+)
31
Q
gender schema theory
A
- mental networks of information about gender that guide how people interpret, process and remember new gender-related information, incorporated into self-concepts
32
Q
developmental intergroup theory
A
- how group dynamics contribute to the formation of gender stereotypes and prejudices in children
33
Q
gender self socialization model
A
- integrates assumptions from cognitive approaches and focuses on the dynamic links between gender identity, stereotypes and self-views
34
Q
constructivist ecological theory
A
- emphasizes the development of gender schemas through observation and interaction with others
35
Q
criticisms of social learning and cognitive theories
A
- treating children as passive recipients of environmental influences
- deemphasizing the role of the external world
36
Q
cross sex play preferences and gender identity…
A
- are genetically heritable
37
Q
biased interaction theory
A
- explains how people identify their gender by comparing their internal sense of self with social understandings of “girls” and “boys”
38
Q
“milestone” model of transgender identity
A
- captures several of the major turning points reported by most transpeople in their gender identity development
39
Q
hegemonic masculinity
A
- culturally idealized version of manhood that legitimizes men’s dominant position in society
40
Q
motherhood mandate
A
- norm dictating women should have children
- ideal woman is a mother, caretaker, puts time effort money into her appearance
41
Q
precarious manhood hypothesis
vandello and bosson
A
- manhood is a social status, challenging to obtain, easily lost, constant validation
- heightened anxiety, stress, aggression, risk taking to avoid seeming feminine
- critics argue it reflects status rather than manhood
