chapter 2 Flashcards
shyness
- sensitivity to social novelty (new situations/people)
- as time continues, children become more comfortable, no more novelty
conception
- sperm and egg meet
- egg travels up the fallopian tube whilst secreting chemical that attracts sperm
- sperm travels up the fallopian tube, attracted to the chemical produced by the egg
- every ejaculation 500 million sperm, 200 million get close to the egg
- takes 6 hours for the sperm to get to the egg (13-15cm)
first trimester
12 hours
- cell division, myosis, cells split and get bigger
24 hours
- huge increase in the number of cells
1 week
- cells connect to uterine walls
2-3 weeks
- layering happens
- 3 main layers, each layer will become a different part of the embryo eg. nervous system, bones etc
9 weeks
- sex differentiation
12 weeks
- ribs, spinal cord, parts of the brain
sex differentiation
- at conception receive xx or xy chromosomes
- xx typically female xy typically male
- possible to be missing/extra x or y
5-7 weeks
- gonad development
- xx ovaries
- xy testes
- regardless of chromosomes can develop either set of gonads (bipotential)
- lots of variability between people (intersex)
second trimester
- development going faster
- external genitalia developing more fully
- see/feel movement
fetuses can…
- learn and remember
- sounds of mothers voice: heart rate acceleration, familiarity of voice
- connect different sucking patterns with a pacifier to different stimulation, headphones suck in one way get one thing suck in another way get another thing, infants suck much more intensely when presented with their mothers voice vs another voice
hazards to prenatal development
Environmental hazard Teratogens (drugs, alcohol, stress etc), potential to harm the fetus, environment the fetus lives in is semi permeable to absorb nutrients, time of exposure in utero happens matters,
Eg. thalidomide, given for morning sickness, belief that it wouldn’t pass through the amniotic sac, severe limb differences, beginning development stages worse effects (sensitive period)
Antidepressants teratogens? Inconclusive evidence `
Low birth weight
VLBW: <1500g
ELBW: <1000g most are fine in comparison to normal birthweight, larger proportion than normal birth weight more likely to have sensory development issues (deaf, blind), ADHD, externalizing/internalizing mental health difficulties
Prenatal environment impact on shyness, differences in exposure
Developmental programing of personality, help fetus prepare for outside environment, adaptive sensitivity
Environment = womb
Aim: examine varying levels of prenatal stress (not manipulated) with the development of shyness from childhood to adulthood
IV: 3 levels of stress exposure.
Group 1 (highest stress):
- Started off highest levels of shyness, stable higher level of shyness
ELBW (things that make a baby born at that weight are environmental stressors + prenatal steroid exposure (helps infant grow but huge stressor)
Group 2: ELBW + no steroid exposure
Lower levels of initial shyness, later developing increasing shyness around the same as group 1
Group 3: NBW (normal birth weight)
decreasing shyness over time
genotype
inherited genetic material
phenotype
the way the gene is expressed
environment
everything surrounding the individual prenatal and postnatal (parenting, nutrition, stress)
Parents genotype - child’s genotype
Creating of a zygote, sperm and egg joining
Child’s genotype - child’s phenotype
Genotype influences phenotype, genes turning on and off due to the environment obesity, depression etc
dominant/ recessive patterns of gene expression, most things determined by multiple genes
Child’s environment - child’s phenotype
Children with PKU, inability to process some food if exposed early they get developmental delays/ disability, environment impacting IQ, if not exposed do not develop any delays
